New-Historicism新历史主义文论

NewHistoricism新历史主义文论NewHistoricismHistoricityoftextsTextualityofhistory文本的历史性历史的文本性“Old”HistoricismConsiderhistoryfirstPositiontextwithinhistoryStudyhistorytoimproveyourstudyofliteratureHistorycan“explain”mysteriesandanomaliesofaliterarytext“Old”HistoricismOldHistoricism:asinglepoliticalpointofviewwasfound,inmostcasesidenticaltothepoliticalpointofviewofthepeopleoratleastofoftherulingclass(e.g.Elizabethanworldview)NewHistoricismCulturalpoetics文化诗学Culturalmaterialism:beginningof1980stheinGreatBritainNewHistoricism:beginningofthesametimeinCalifornia,USA.DiscourseAnalysisInordertobeabletodefineNewHistoricism,DiscourseAnalysismustbeexplainedasitisaprerequisite.Discourse:makesdifferenttypesofmediacomparableinordertoavoidaliterarycanon.Becauseofthisthemediaarerelatedtoeachother.Discourselinksthemtoeachotherlikethreads,sothattheybecomeanetwork.DiscoursenovelspoemsliterarytextspicturesmanyothermediaDiscourseAnalysisDiscourseAnalysismeansdescribingthefunctionofmediaforanauthor(e.g.apictureoranovelhasinfluenceonanauthorandhisliterarytexts)BUTNewHistoricistsarguethatthethreadsofthediscoursehavetobeconsideredsothatacomplexityandanorderisrebuilt.DiscourseAnalysisIhaddreamedofspeakingwiththedead,andevennowIdonotabandonthisdream.ButthemistakewastoimaginethatIwouldhearasinglevoice,thevoiceoftheother.IfIwantedtohearone,Ihadtohearthemanyvoicesofthedead.AndifIwantedtohearthevoiceoftheother,Ihadtohearmyownvoice.Thespeechofthedead,likemyownspeech,isnotprivateproperty.StephenGreenblatt,ShakespearanNegotiations,p.20NewHistoricismBackground:Althusser:ideology:(意识形态)institutionaldiscoursethatputsitsreadersintothepositionof”subjects”ofthediscourseand”subjects”themtotheinterestsoftherulingclassesFoucault:discourse:(权力话语)alldiscourseandknowledgeareexpressionsofthepower-relationsinasocietyDeconstruction/Bakhtin:(对话理论)theconflictualormultivocalnatureoftexts(dialogic)Culturalanthropology:(深度描写)thickdescription:closeanalysisofreadingofasocialproducttodiscoveritssocialmeaningLouisAlthusser1918-1990LouisAlthusser(1970):Ideologyisthesystemofideasandrepresentationswhichdominatethemindofamanorasocialgroup.[…]Ideologyrepresentstheimaginaryrelationshiptotheirrealconditionsofexistence.MichelFoucault(1926-1984)MichelFoucault(1978):Poweriseverywhere;notbecauseitembraceseverything,butbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.MichelFoucault(1926-1984)MichelFoucault(1978):Wemusttakeallowanceforthecomplexandunstableprocesswherebydiscoursecanbebothaninstrumentandaneffectofpower,butalsoahindrance,astumbling-block,apointofresistanceandastartingpointforanopposingstrategy.Discoursetransmitsandproducespower;itreinforcesit,butalsounderminesandexposesit,rendersitfragileandmakesitpossibletothwartit.MichelFoucault(1926-1984)MichelFoucault(1978):Wemusttakeallowanceforthecomplexandunstableprocesswherebydiscoursecanbebothaninstrumentandaneffectofpower,butalsoahindrance(妨碍),astumbling-block,apointofresistanceandastartingpointforanopposingstrategy.Discoursetransmitsandproducespower;itreinforcesit,butalsounderminesandexposesit,rendersitfragileandmakesitpossibletothwart(反对,阻拦)it.M.M.Bakhtin(1895-1975)M.M.Bakhtin(1895-1975)M.M.Bakhtin(1934-35):[…]theessenceofnovelisticheteroglossia.Alanguageisrevealedinallitsdistinctivenessonlywhenitisbroughtintorelationshipwithotherlanguages,enteringwithintoonesingleheteroglotunityofsocietalbecoming.Everylanguageinanovelisapointofview,asocio-ideologicalconceptualsystemofrealsocialgroupsandtheirembodiedrepresentatives.[…]Againstthedialogisingbackgroundofotherlanguagesoftheeraandindirectdialogicinteractionwiththem[…]eachlanguagebeginstosounddifferentlythanitwouldhavesounded’onitsown,’asitwere(withoutrelatingtoothers).M.M.Bakhtin(1895-1975)M.M.Bakhtin(1934-35):[…]theessenceofnovelisticheteroglossia.Alanguageisrevealedinallitsdistinctivenessonlywhenitisbroughtintorelationshipwithotherlanguages,enteringintoonesingleheteroglotunityofsocietalbecoming.Everylanguageinanovelisapointofview,asocio-ideologicalconceptualsystemofrealsocialgroupsandtheirembodiedrepresentatives.[…]M.M.Bakhtin(1895-1975)Againstthedialogisingbackgroundofotherlanguagesoftheeraandindirectdialogicinteractionwiththem[…]eachlanguagebeginstosounddifferentlythanitwouldhavesounded’onitsown,’asitwere(withoutrelatingtoothers).CliffordGeertz(1923-)MovefromdescriptiontointerpretationCustomsnotimportantbutwhatliesbehindthemCultureassymbolic:symbolicanthropologyGeertzonculture‘cultureisbestseennotascomplexesofconcretebehaviorpatterns–customs,usages,traditions,habitclusters–ashas,byandlarge,beenthecaseuptonow,butasasetofcontrolmechanisms–plans,recipes,rules,instructions(whatcomputerengineerscall“programs”)–forthegoverningofbehaviour.’(‘TheImpactoftheConceptofCultureonthatofMan:44)Geertzonculture‘manisananimalsuspendedinwebsofsignificancehehimselfhasspun,Itakeculturetobethosewebs,andtheanalysisofittobethereforenotanexperimentalscienceinsearchoflawbutaninterpretiveoneinsearchofmeaning.’(ThickDescription:5)ThickDescriptionConsider…twoboysrapidlycontractingtheeyelidsoftherigh