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TheEighteenthCenturyHistoricalBackgroundAftertheGloriousRevolution,thepowerpassedfromthekinggraduallytotheparliamentandcabinetministers.BritishMonarchsinthe18thcenturyStuartDynastyMaryIIandWilliamIII(1688-1694,-1702)Anne(1702-1714)HanoverianDynastyGeorgeI(1714-1727)GeorgeII(1727-1760)GeorgeIII(1760-1820)HistoricalBackgroundPartypolitics-Partypoliticsbecamemoresignificantthroughoutthecentury,withWhigs(whosupportedlimitedmonarchy,andwhosesupporttendedtocomefromreligiousdissenters)andTories(whofavoredstrongmonarchyandthereligiousstatusquoembodiedintheChurchofEngland)competingforpower.HistoricalBackgroundTheEnclosure--ActsofEnclosurewereputtingmorelandsintothehandsoffewerprivilegedlandownersandforcingthousandsofsmallfarmersandtenantsofftheirlandtobecomewageearnersindustrialtowns.TheIndustrialRevolution-Itwasagradualprocessofchangefrom”cottageindustries”tofactorymanufacturingOverseasexpansion--BritainoccupiedavastexpansionofcoloniesinAsia,AfricaandNorthAmerica..CulturalBackground1.EnlightenMovement--Aprogressiveintellectualmovement--EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasVoltaire,Montesquieu,Locke,Hobbes,andRousseaubelievedthatworldwasanobjectofstudyandthatpeoplecouldunderstandandcontroltheworldbymeansofreasonandempiricalresearch.CulturalBackground--Thecelebrationofreason,thepowerbywhichmanunderstandstheuniverseandimproveshisowncondition--Theyclaimedthattheindividualwasthebasicunitofsocialanalysis,andthatthesocietyshouldemergeanddevelopastheresultofasocialcontractamongtheindividuals.--Inreligion,itwasagainstsuperstition,intolerance,anddogmatism;inpolitics,itwasagainsttyranny;andinsociety,itwasagainstprejudice,ignorance,inequality,andanyobstaclestotherealizationofanindividual’sfullintellectualandphysicalwell-being.Atthesametime,theyadvocateduniversaleducation.Intheiropinion,humanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.Ideaofcontract--Rejectionof“divinepower”ofkings--Thegovernmentisofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople.Puritanvaluesofthemiddleclass--Self-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork;themeaningoflifewastowork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewelth.Thegreatenlighteners:--AlexanderPope--JosephAddison--JonathanSwift--SamuelJohnson2.CulturalProgress--Moreschoolsweresetupthroughoutthecountry--CopyrightActof1709--Theappearanceofsuchpopularpressaspamphletsandnewspapersandperiodicals--TheflourishofcoffeehousesandallkindsofsocialclubsIII.LiteratureofthePeriod1.Neo-classicism--ItfounditsartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterslikeHomer,Virgil,Horace,Ovid.--ApartialreactionagainstthefiresofpassionblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyintheMetaphysicalpoetry--Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satireordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.--Neo-classicalwritersare:JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,RichardSteele,HenryFielding,SamuelJohnson,OliverGoldsmith,EdwardGibbon,etc.2.TheRealisticNovel--TheEnglishmiddle-classpeoplewerereadytocastawaythearistocraticromanceandtocreateanewandrealisticliteratureoftheirowntoexpresstheirideasandservetheirinterests.--Thewholelifeinitsordinaryaspectsofthemiddleclassbecausethemajorsourceofinterestinliterature.Majornovelists--DanielDefoe--SamuelRichardson--HenryFielding--LaurenceSterne--OliverGoldsmith--TobiasGeorgeSmollett3.GothicNovel--Devotedtotalesofhorrorandthedarkersupernaturalforces--DerivesitsnamefromsimilaritiestomedievalGothicarchitecture--GothicArchitecture--GothicHorror:Athrillerdesignednotonlytoterrifyorfrightentheaudience,butalsotoconveyasenseofmoralfailureorspiritualdarkness.--TheGothicinEnglandbeginswithTheCastleofOtrantoin1760,byHoraceWalpole,whichemphasizedthesupernaturalmixedwiththegrotesqueinamedievalsetting.--AnneRadcliffeinMysteriousofUdolphoperfectdthesentimentalgothicinthe1790s.Frankenstein(1817)byMaryShelleyGothicConventions--Useofadarksettingormoodyatmosphere,sensationalism,exoticsettingsinthepast,thesublime,atmosphereofdread--Aruinedorweirdlandscape--Claustrophobicsituations--Imposingarchitecturedwarfinghumans--Demonicormonstrousforms--Hintsoffantastic(bizarre),supernaturalincidentsorsuggestionsofsupernatural--Conventionalsexistdepictionsofwomenaspassivevictims,distressofthepureheroinebythegothicvillainCharacteristics--Ancient(esp.haunted)castles,andwholehostofconventionsassociatedwiththese(dungeons,secretpassageways,ghosts,graveyards.FlickeringlampsAndtorches,screamsAndmoans).--Thevillain-herosometimesagoodguygonebad(Mr.Falkland);sometimesabadguywhoposesasagoodguy;sometimesjustabadguythroughandthroughwhononethelesshassomeattractivequalities(virility,goodlooks,charisma).--Thedamselindistressavirtuousyoungwomanispursuedbythevillain(usuallyolder,oftenanaristocrat,notinfrequentlyCatholic),witharealorimpliedthreattohervirtue(murder,rape,otherevildeeds).---Highlysymboliconescholarcallsit“anindirectformofreference”and“amaskoftruthratherthanimitationofreality.”---Thinkofthegothicasstructuredlikeadreamwhichrevealstruth
本文标题:罗经国《新编英国文学简史上》第七章
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