Thomas-Hardy--(1840-1928)

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountry“Wessex”.Hardy’sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.ThomasHardy,wasanEnglishauthorofthenaturalistmovement,thoughheregardedhimselfprimarilyasapoetandcomposednovelsmainlyforfinancialgain.Thebulkofhiswork,setmainlyinthesemi-fictionallandofWessex,delineatescharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassionsandcircumstances.ThomasHardySonofavillagebuilderinDorset,southwestofEnglandwhichusedtobeaSaxonkingdomnamesWessex,anameHardyusedproudlyinhiswriting.StudyarchitectureinLondonforfiveyearsWorkasanarchitectinhisnativelandBeginhisliterarycareerasapoetTurntowritingnovelsAtabout60returntopoetrywritingHardy’sFirstWifeEmmaGifford:awomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.DesighedbyHardyhimselfSecondwife—Hardy’snurse,companionandfan.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.DuetoFlorence’scare,Hardycouldremainhealthyandcontinuehiswritingcareer.TheHardycottageinHigherBockhampton,DorchesterTheHardycottageinHigherBockhampton,DorchesterHardy’sworkasanarchitect哈代（1840～1928）英国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家，早期和中期的创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学。哈代1840年6月2日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄，毗邻多塞特郡大荒原，这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父亲是石匠，但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的文化教育。1856年哈代离开学校，给一名建筑师当学徒。1862年前往伦敦，任建筑绘图员，并在伦敦大学进修语言，开始文学创作。哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌，后因无缘发表，改事小说创作。他的第一部长篇小说《计出无奈》问世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小说《远离尘嚣》（1874）。从此，他放弃建筑职业，致力于小说创作。哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说，其中最著名的当推《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》、《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》。诗8集，共918首，此外，还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说，以及长篇史诗剧《列王》。哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民（尤其是妇女）的悲惨命运，揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下，既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统，也为20世纪的英国文学开拓了道路。HisMajorWorksHardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1)NovelsofCharacter&Environment2)NovelsofRomances&Fantasies3)NovelsofIngenuity1.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment（性格与环境小说）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《穷汉与贵妇人》UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《绿树荫下》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《远离尘嚣》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特桥市长》Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔丝》JudetheObscure(1895)《无名的裘德》Heexploredtragiccharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassions&socialcircumstances&sethisfictionsinthesemi-fictionallandofWessexwherehegrewup.ThisClassisaboutpeople’spursuittohappinessandawarenessoftheirdreams,reflectingtheacuteconflictsbetweenpeopleandtheenvironmentaroundthem.2.RomancesandFantasies（传奇与幻想小说）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一双蓝眼睛》TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的两个人》TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心爱的人》mainlytalkaboutromanticlovestories.3.NovelsofIngenuity（机巧和实验小说）DesperateRemedies(1871)《铤而走险》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》Hardy’sNovelsHardy’snovelsareallVictorianindate.MostofthemaresetinWessex,thefictionalprimitiveandcruderuralregionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.Theyareknownforthevividdescriptionofthevicissitudes(变迁；兴衰)ofpeoplewholiveinanagriculturalsettingmenacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.Hisbestlocal-coloredworksarehislaterones,whichareknownas“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”,arethemostrepresentativeofhimasbothanaturalisticandacriticalrealistwriter.InmanyofHardy’snovels,theconflictbetweenthetraditionalandthemodernisbroughttothecenterofthestage.TheWessexNovelsMostofHardy’snovelsaresetinWessex,thefictionalprimitiveandcruelruralregionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.Theyareknownforthevividdescriptionofthevicissitudes(变化无常)ofpeoplewholiveinanagriculturalsetting,menacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.WessexNovelsTheWessexNovelsincludeUndertheGreenwoodTree,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,TheReturnoftheNative,TheMayorofCasterbridge,TessoftheD’Urbervilles,JudetheObscure.MajorworksUndertheGreenwoodTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)•WessexTales(1888)•TheWoodlanders(1887)•TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)DeterminismItreferstothebeliefortheorythathumanactionsandeventsarecontrolledbyandresultfromcausesthatdeterminethem.AccordingtoKarlMarx,aman’seconomicenvironmentdetermineshisactionsandlife;accordingtoDarwin,itisthescientificlawsgoverningevolution;accordingtoFreud,itisthehumanunconsciousness;andaccordingtosomereligiousitisthewillofagodorgodsHardy:Theman’sfateispredeterminedlytragic,drivenbyacombinedforceof“nature”,bothinsideandoutside.Inhisworks,manisshowninevitablyboundbyhisowninherentnatureandhereditarytraitswhichprompthimtogoandsearchforsomespecifichappinessorsuccessandsethiminconflictwiththeenvironment.Theoutsidenature—thenatureenvironmentofNatureherself–isshownassomemysterioussupernaturalforce,verypowerfulbuthalf-blind,impulsiveanduncaringtotheindividual’swill,hope,passionorsuffering.Manprovesimpotentbeforefate.However,hetries,andheseldomescapeshisordaineddestiny.ThepessimisticviewoflifepredominatesmostofHardy’sworks.NaturalismThenaturalistswentbeyondtherealists’insistenceontheobjectivepresentationofthedetailsofeverydaylifeandinsistedthatmaterialsofliteratureshouldbearrang