人文地理AP-Human-Geography

APHumanGeographyNotesGeneralGeography:USroadmapisnotathematicmapEverymeridianisthesamelengthandhasthesamebeginningandendAccordingtoenvironmentaldeterminism,thephysicalenvironmentcausessocialdevelopmentHighestdensity:mostinnumbersHighestconcentration:closesttogetherCloroplethmapusesshadingFiveThemesofGeography:Location:RelativelocationAbsolutelocationPlace:HumanCharacteristicsPhysicalCharacteristicsHuman-EnvironmentalInteraction:HumansadapttotheenvironmentHumansmodifytheenvironmentHumansdependontheenvironmentMovementPeopleGoodsIdeasRegionsFormal(uniform)Functional(nodal)Vernacular(perceptual)Culture:Customarybeliefs,socialforms,andmaterialtraitsofagroupofpeopleintraditionHearth:WhereanideaoriginatesAcculturation:ThespreadofculturaltraitsfromonesocietytoanotherGlobalizationofCulture:GlobalizationduetointerchangingbeliefsandcustomsGlobalizationofEconomy:GlobalizationduetobusinessReferenceMaps:Regularmapsshowingcities,boundaries,mountains,orroadsThematicMaps:Mapshighlightingaparticularfeatureorasinglevariablesuchastemperature,city,size,oracreageinpotatoes(Givesextrainformation)IsolineMaps:ShowlinesthatconnectpointsofequalvalueIsolinesareontopographicmapsChoroplethMaps:Showthelevelofsomevariablewithinpredefinedregions,suchascounties,states,orcountriesDotMaps:UseadottorepresenttheoccurrenceofsomephenomenoninordertodepictvariationindensityinagivenareaCartograms:MapsthathavedistortedpopulationResolution:TheamountofdetailsordepthofamapScale:Generally,therelationshipbetweentheportionofEarthbeingstudiedandEarthasawhole,specificallytherelationshipbetweenthesizeofanobjectonamapandthesizeoftheactualfeatureonEarth’ssurfaceThethreemaintypesofscalesareratio(fraction)scales,barscales,andwrittenscalesSmallScale:Depictsalargearea(suchasthestateofArizona)butwithlessdetailLargeScale:Depictsasmallarea(suchasdowntownPhoenix)withgreatdetailCartography:ThescienceofmakingmapsProjection:ThesystemusedtotransferlocationsfromEarth’ssurfacetoaflatmapThemostcommontypeistheRobinsonProjectionHowever,mapsdepictingtheentireworldcandistortshape,distance,relativesize,anddirectionToponym:ThenamegiventoaportionofEarth’ssurfaceHastobeanaturalfeatureSite:ThephysicalcharacterofaplaceSituation:Thelocationofaplacerelativetootherplaces(relativelocation)Meridian:AnarcdrawnonamapbetweentheNorthandSouthpoles(longitude)ThetwomainmeridiansarethePrimeMeridianandtheInternationalDateLineParallel:Acircledrawnaroundtheglobeparalleltotheequatorandatrightanglestothemeridians(latitude)TimeZones:TherearefourmajortimezonesintheUnitedStates(Eastern,Central,Mountain,andPacific).ThetimezonesarebasedonGreenwich,EnglandbecauseatthetimeEnglandwasthemostpowerfulcountry.Thereisanewtimezoneever15degreeslongitude.Onedegreelongitudeis69miles,sothereisanewtimezoneevery1,035miles.Ifyougoeastyougoforwardsintime.Ifyougowestyougobackintime.GreenwichMeanTime:Thetimeinthattimezoneencompassingtheprimemeridian,orzerodegreeslongitude.InternationalDateLine:Anarcthatforthemostpartfollows180degreeslongitude,althoughitdeviatesinseveralplacestoavoiddividinglandareas.WhenyoucrosstheInternationalDateLineheadingeast(towardAmerica),theclockmovesback24hours,oroneentireday.Whenyougowest(towardAsia),thecalendarmovesaheadoneday.SpatialAssociation:Thedistributionofonephenomenonthatisrelatedtoanotherphenomenon.(Thereasontwothingsareplacedwheretheyare–ifthey’rerelatedtheywillprobablybeclose)SpatialDistribution:ThearrangementofphenomenonacrosstheEarth’ssurfaceEnvironmentalDeterminism:Anineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryapproachtothestudyofgeographythatarguedthatthegenerallawssoughtbyhumangeographerscouldbefoundinthephysicalsciences.Geographywasthereforethestudyofhowthephysicalenvironmentcausedhumanactivities.(Statesthephysicalterrainoftheworlddictateshowthehumanssurvive).Possibilism:Thetheorythatthephysicalenvironmentmaysetlimitsonhumanactions,butpeoplehavetheabilitytoadjusttothephysicalenvironmentandchooseacourseofactionfrommanyalternatives.(Statespeoplecanovercomethephysicalproblems/features–humansconquerlandinsteadoflandconqueringhumans).Distribution:ThearrangementofsomethingacrossEarth’ssurfaceDensity:Thefrequencywithwhichsomethingexistswithinagivenunitofarea.Densitydoesnottellyouwheresomethingis,juststrictlynumbersArithmeticDensity:ThetotalnumberofpeopledividedbythetotallandareaPhysiologicalDensity:Thetotalnumberofpeopledividedbyallarableland(farmland)AgriculturalDensity:Thetotalnumberoffarmers(andfamily)dividedbyallarablelandConcentration:ThespreadofsomethingoveragivenareaConcentrationtellsyouwheresomethingisCanbeclusteredordispersedPattern:ThegeometricorregulararrangementofsomethinginastudyareaDiffusion:ThespreadingofafeatureortrendfromoneplacetoanotherovertimeRelocationDiffusion:Thespreadofafeatureortrendthroughphysicalmovementofpeoplefromoneplacetoanother.Doesnothavetogrowinnumbers.AIDSisanexampleofrelocationdiffusion.ExpansionDiffusion:Thespreadofafeatureortrendamongpeoplefromoneareatoanotherinasnowballingprocess.Involvesgrowingnumbers.HierarchicalDiffusion–Thespreadofafeatureortrendfromonekeyp