Manifesto-of-the-Communist-Party

ManifestooftheCommunistParty...................................................................................................1ChapterI.BourgeoisandProletarians(1)...........................................................................2ManifestooftheCommunistParty.................................................................................................19ChapterI.BourgeoisandProletarians(1).........................................................................20ChapterII.ProletariansandCommunists.................................................................37ChapterIII.SocialistandCommunistLiterature............................................................521.ReactionarySocialism.........................................................................................................522.ConservativeorBourgeoisSocialism.................................................................................603.Critical-UtopianSocialismandCommunism.....................................................................61ChapterIV.PositionoftheCommunistsinRelationtotheVariousExistingOppositionParties.........................................................................................................65WorkingMenofAllCountries,Unite!........................................................................68***.................................................................................................................................68MIA:Marxists:Marx&Engels:Library:1848:ManifestooftheCommunistParty:Chapter1:[GermanOriginal]ManifestooftheCommunistPartyAspectreishauntingEurope—thespectreofcommunism.AllthepowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.Whereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?Whereistheoppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsresultfromthisfact:I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitselfapower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithamanifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.ChapterI.BourgeoisandProletarians(1)[GermanOriginal]Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety(2)isthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-master(3)andjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:ithassimplifiedclassantagonisms.Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother—BourgeoisieandProletariat.FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonisationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,totherevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolisedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficedforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedononesidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;divisionoflabourbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflabourineachsingleworkshop.Meantimethemarketskeptevergrowing,thedemandeverrising.Evenmanufacturernolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionisedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,ModernIndustry;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,in