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第五节原生动物杀虫剂主要内容一、昆虫病原原生动物的特性二、昆虫病原原生动物的种类三、昆虫微孢子虫及其应用一、昆虫病原原生动物的特性原生动物是一类体型最小、构造最简单的动物。一般为单细胞，需用显微镜才能看到。它的细胞结构与高等动物细胞基本相同，具有细胞膜、细胞质和一个或数个细胞核，它们是单细胞生物，没有器官分化，然而它们在运动摄食、繁殖和排泄等方面却有与多细胞动物几乎同样的生理机能。原生动物的营养方式有三种：植物性营养、动物性营养和腐生性营养。一、昆虫病原原生动物的特性1.单细胞真核生物2.细胞内专性寄生物，不能在人工培养基上生长，通常采用活寄主繁殖。3.侵染：原生动物的感染常发生在寄主幼虫期，经口摄入孢子、孢囊或原生动物的其他发育阶段，也有些种类可附着在寄主卵表面或在卵内传播。生活史4.病症：在自然情况下可引起慢性病，患病寄主极少表现出明显的病症，仅表现出行动迟缓、食欲缺乏，生长发育不正常。在感病过程中，寄主未发育成熟即死亡。有些种类则能引起细菌败血症，导致寄主快速死亡。二、昆虫病原原生动物的种类及生物学特性有毛根足门真孢子虫门奇嵌孢虫门纤毛虫门微孢子虫门Sarcomastigophora有毛根足门细胞含一细胞核有性生殖为配子生殖运动胞器是鞭毛或伪足或两者皆有Apicomplexa真孢子虫门生活史一定阶段存在顶复合器结构，并在某些阶段存在微孔无纤毛全部寄生Ascetospora奇嵌孢虫门孢子多细胞或单细胞，内含1个或多个孢质，无极囊或极丝主要为水生无脊椎动物的寄生虫纤毛虫门Ciliophora生活史一定阶段至少有纤毛或复合纤毛器，即使无纤毛时也存在表膜下纤毛系统，两型核无性生殖为横向二分裂，也有出芽和复分裂，有性生殖为接合生殖、自体受精和细胞受精通常有伸缩泡异养，大多数自由生活Microspora微孢子虫门孢子单细胞，壁无孔，含有单核或双核的孢质及简单或复杂的射出器，射出器有极管或极帽，无线粒体全部寄生1.外膜2.中层膜3.内膜4.内质膜5.具二核6.后极泡7.极锚8.极体9.极丝10.极孔Diagrammaticillustrationofacutawayviewthroughamicrosporidianspore.ModifiedfromVavra,J.1976.StructureoftheMicrosporidia.InL.A.BullaandT.C.Cheng(Eds.),ComparativePathobiology,PlenumPress,NewYork,1:1-85andfromI.V.Issi(1986),Microsporidiaasaphylumofparasiticprotozoa,Acad.Sci.USSR“Protozoology”(Leningrad)10:6-136.AbbreviationsasabovebutincludingPB=posteriorbody,N=nucleus,VPL=Vesicularpartofthepolaroplast.(T.G.Andreadis)SEMofagerminatedsporeofNosemaalgerae.(J.J.Becnel)SEMofmeiosporesofthemicrosporidiumParathelohanialegerifromlarvaeofthemosquitoAnophelesmaculipennis(五斑按蚊).(J.J.Becnel)LightmicroscopeinterferencecontrastmicrographofaVairimorphaspeciesfromthegypsymoth,Lymantriadispar.Uninucleateoctospores.Notethepresenceofaninterfacialenvelopeandthatsomepacketscontainfewerthan8spores.(J.V.Maddox)Lightmicroscopeinterferencecontrastmicrographofenviron-mentalsporesofaNosemaspeciesfromthegypsymoth,Lymantriadispar.Freshpreparation,unstained.(J.V.Maddox)LMinterferencecontrastmicrographofenvironmentalsporesofaCaudosporasp.(尾孢虫属)fromablackflylarva(Prosimuliumsp.原蚋).Freshpreparation,unstained.(J.V.Maddox)LMphasecontrastmicrographofenvironmentalsporesofEdhazardiaaedisfromthemosquitoAedesaegypti.(T.G.Andreadis)LMphasecontrastmicrographofagerminateduninucleatesporeofEdhazardiaaedisthatisresponsibleforhorizontaltransmission.(J.J.Becnel)LMinterferencecontrastmicrographoftheuninucleate,pyriformsporeofEdhazardiaaedisinanIndiainkpreparationdemonstratingthemucoca-lyxsurroundingthespore.(J.J.Becnel)LMphasecontrastmicrographofThelohania(泰罗汉孢虫属)solenopsaefromSolenopsisinvicta.Bothoctosporesandfreesporesarepresent.(J.J.Becnel)LightmicroscopephasecontrastmicrographofsporesofOvavesiculapopillaefromtheJapanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica.(T.G.Andreadis)LMphasecontrastmicrographofNosemalymantriaeprimarysporesinthemidgutepithelium.Freshpreparation,nostain.Primarysporesareresponsiblefortransmittingtheinfectionfromonecelltoanother.Freshpreparation,unstained.(L.F.Solter)LMbrightfieldmicrographofNosematrichoplusiaefromthecabbagelooper,Trichoplusiani.SporeswerefixedinmethanolandstainedinaqueousGiemsa.(J.V.Maddox)LMbrightfieldmicrographofNosematrichoplusiaefromthecabbagelooper,Trichoplusiani.SporeswerefixedinmethanolandstainedinaqueousGiemsa.(J.V.Maddox)LMbrightfieldmicrographofEndoreticulatus(内网虫属)schubergifromthelawnwebworm,Crambustrisectus(草螟).SporeswerefixedinmethanolandstainedinaqueousGiemsa.(J.V.maddox)LMbrightmicrographofNosemamuscidifuracisinaninfectedcellofthehymenopteranparasitoidofthefly,Muscidifuraxraptor.Thecytoplasmcontainssporoblasts,immaturespores,andmaturespores.FixedinmethanolandstainedinaqueousGiemsa.(J.J.Becnel)MerogonicCycleTEMofadiplokaryoticmerontofAmblyosporaconnecticusfromthemosquitoAedescantator.(T.G.Andreadis)TEMofVairimorphanecatrixfromthearmyworm,Pseudaletiaunipuncta.Merontinmidgutepithelialcell,24hourspostinfection.Thismerontcouldbeuninucleateorbinucleate,dependingontheplaneofthesection.(J.V.Maddox)LMbrightfieldmicrographofNosemabambycisinthesilkwormBombyxmori(家蚕).BinaryfissionofamerontinB.moritissueculture.Giemsastain.(R.Ishihara)SporogonicCycleTEMofthemoniliformsporogonialplasmodiumofEndoreticulatusfidelisfromLeptinotarsadecemlineata(马铃薯叶甲).(J.J.Becnel)TEMofAmblyosporaconnecticusfromthemosquitoAedescantator.Earlybinuclearesporontwithinasporophorousvesicle.(T.G.Andreadis)TEMofAmblyosporaconnecticusfromthemosquitoAedescantator.Sporogonalplasmodiumwithinaspouophorousvesicle.(T.G.Andreadis)LMbrightfieldmicrographofsporogonialstagesofNosemabombycisinthesilkwormBombyxmori.Sporontsarestainedweaklyandhavewhitespots.Giemsastain.(R.Ishihara)LMbrightfieldmicrographofAmblyosporacalifornicafromCulextarsalis.Developmentalstagesduringthesporulationsequenceinvolvingmeiosis.LAOstain.(J.J.Becnel)LMbrightfieldmicrohraphofAmblyosporacalifornicafromCulextarsalis.Developmentalstagesduringthesporulationsequenceinvolvingmeiosis.Giemsastain.(J.J.Becnel)InfectedHostsFourthinstar,fatbodyinfectionofAedesaegyptibyEdhazardiaaedis.Infectionisexpressedasporcelain-whitecystsinthethoracicfatbody.(J.J.Becnel)Navelorangeworm,Amyeloistransitella(脐橙蛾),larvaeinfectedwithVairimorphaheterosporium.Large,healthycontrollar