conversation-and-speeches---副本

LectureSevenConversationsandSpeeches1Oralgenres:---dailyconversation(unprepared,casual)---spontaneouscommentary(unprepared)---oraldebate(half-prepared)---oralstories(prepared,informal)---publicspeech(well-prepared,formal)---oralreport(prepared,formal)---orallecture(prepared,formal)27.1DailyConversationDailyconversationisrepresentativeofspokenlanguageasitdemonstratesmostofthecommonfeaturesofspokenlanguage.Dailyconversationisthemostcommonuseoflanguageandmostvariousintopics/content.3Ageneralanalysisbasedoncontextualfactorsoffield,modeandtenorField:variedMode:spokenTenor:unplannedandcasual/personalandemotionalTextpattern①openingsequences(e.g.greetings)②initiation-and-responsesequences(turn-taking/questionsandanswers)③closingsequences47.1.1SemanticFeatures1.Theinexplicitness/implicitnessofmeaningonthesurfaceoftextsduetosharedextra-linguisticfeaturesandbackgroundinformation.1)alotofexophoraswhicharemadeexplicitbytheextra-linguisticcontextandthesharedknowledge.E.g.[6.1]onP90Ididn’tbloodygetit.No,theywereeversoniceaboutit,…hesaidhesaid…52)missinglinksbetweentheutterances:E.g.[6.1]onP90①F:howdidyougetonJenny?S:(Ididn’tgetonwellbecause)Ididn’tbloodygetit.②S:Ididn’t.P:(Why/What’sthereason?)(Youprobably)sworeatthepanel63)theuseofinexactexpressionsandgeneralwordsE.g.[6.1]onP91S:…theotherthingofSinclair(sarcastic/ironiccomments/words)75)manyincompleteexpressionsE.g.[6.1]①S:Ididn’t②P:sworeatthepanel.③S:IthinkIkeptsayingMalaysia…④S:andhesaidum—soIsaidtake…⑤S:andtheother—theotherthingof…⑥S:andIsaid,hesaid…⑦S:UmdidIthinkIhad…82.therandomnessofsubjectmatter/topicsandagenerallackofplanning---nofixedtopictodiscuss---manyfactorstodistractthetopicsE.g.[6.1]…P:Havesome,havesomecoffeeJenny.…P:PleaseJenny,it’sChristmastodayyouknow.93.TheLackoffluencyNon-fluencyisanormalfeatureandisnotusuallynoticed.E.g.[6.1]onP91S:yetteachingofEnglish,umItalianand–Frenchareinthedarkages.S:theotherthingofSinclairsortofstungmeaboutumwhichisumIshouldn’thavebeenstung…hehesaiderdidIthinkIhad…(pause,hesitation,repetition,error)10②No,theywereeversoniceaboutit,niceasonecanbe,but,well,hesaidhesaidhesaidhe’dhavegivenittomeifithadn’tbeen,beenfor—forMalaysia,MalayorwhatMalaysia.117.1.2GrammaticalFeature1.Sentencecomplexity1)Mostofdailyconversationarecomposedofsimplesentences.Whenthesentencestructureiscompoundorcomplex,eachclausetendtohavefewwords,andtherearemanyloosesentences.12E.g.①S:No,theywereeversoniceaboutit,niceasonecanbe,but,well,hesaidhesaidhesaidhe’dhavegivenittomeifithadn’tbeen,beenfor—forMalaysia,MalayorwhatMalaysia.13②S:Hehadsomeprizeblerkandafterwardshetookmeasideandsaid,um,youdidputyourfootinitatleastthreetimes,butwedidn’tholditagainstyou,andyouknowatonestagesomeoldgeezer….③ButIdidn’tknowthatandhesaidum—soIsaidtakesomewherelikeLancasterwheretheyhave,youknow,possiblyoneofthefinestappliedlinguistdepartmentandyet,theteachingofEnglish,umItalianand–Frenchareinthedarkages.142.VerbalphrasesDailyconversationisfeaturedwithverbalgroupswhichare:1)simpleinstructure,mostlyfinite,withtenseandaspect.2)subjunctiveinmoodbecausethelanguageismostlyconcernedwithguessesandinferenceswithouthardevidences15E.g.①S:…someoldgeezerinthecornerwhomust’vebeen…②P:Mum,hemust’vebeenprofessorofFrenchorGerman…③S:…whichisumIshouldn’thavebeenstung163)mostlyactiveinvoice,toreflectthepersonalandemotionalnatureofdailyconversation4)mostlyinpasttenseandsimplepresenttensetoreflectpasteventsandspeakers’feelingandwishes.173.NominalphrasesNominalphraseshavesimplestructures,i.e.theyhavefewerpre-modifiersandpost-modifiers.Mostofthembecomeclausesindailyconversation.E.g.①someoldgeezerinthecornerwhomust’vebeenatleastahundredandeighty②soIsaidtakesomewherelikeLancasterwheretheyhave,youknow,possiblyoneofthefinestappliedlinguisticsdepartment,and184.ThetypeofsentencesMostofthesentencesaredeclarativeandinterrogativesentencesastheyaremostylymadeupofquestionsandanswers.195.QuotedelementsThereisamixedtypeofquotations,thatis,thedirectspeechmixedwithindirectspeech.E.g.①hesaidhesaidhesaidhe’dhavegiven…②…hetookmeasideandsaid,um,youdidputyourfootinit…③someoldgeezer…saysum,er—Doyouthinklinguisticshasanythingtosaytothe…④andhesaidwellwethreetroglodyteinthecorneroverherewouldlikeabitofadvice207.1.3LexicalFeaturesAsoralcommunicationsarespontaneousandthesubjectmattersareusuallycommonplaceinnature,wordsusedindailyconversationsshouldbeeasytounderstandandeasytospeak.Longlearned,scientific,technicalwordsareusuallyavoided.21Thecharacteristicsofspokenwordsare:1.mostofthewordsareshortandsimpleAnglo-Saxononessuchas“get,swear,admit,put,nice,give,say,keep,mean,prize,take,hold,know,think,etc.”in[6.1]222.thechoiceofwordsislimitedinscopeorrange.Theyaremostfrequentlyoccurringwordsinone’sbasicvocabulary.Specializedwordsareoftenreplacedbyordinarywordsofthesameorsimilarmeaning.23E.g.①S:…Doyouthinklinguistichasanythingtosaytotheteachingofanforeignlanguageinthiscountry?(hasanyfunction/playsarolein)②S:theotherthingofSinclairsortofstungmeabout(offend/irrita