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1第四单元参考答案1.1Pre-readingQs:1)Themethodsectionisthemostimportantaspectofaresearchpaperbecauseitprovidestheinformationbywhichthevalidityofastudyisultimatelyjudged.Therefore,theresearchermustprovideaclearandprecisedescriptionofhowanexperimentistobecarriedout,andtherationaleforthespecificexperimentalprocedureschosen.Itmustbewrittenwithenoughinformationsothat:(1)theexperimentcouldberepeatedbyotherstoevaluatewhethertheresultsarereproducible,and(2)thereaderscanjudgewhethertheresultsandconclusionsarevalid.2)overviewoftheresearch/experiment,population/subjects,researchlocation,materials,procedure,variables,samplingtechniques,statisticaltreatment,possiblerestrictions3)Whendescribingactionsandsituationsthathappenedinthepast,ortellingastoryandexpressingactionsthatfolloweachotherinastory,wenormallyusethesimplepasttense.Differenttensescanbeuseddependingonreferencetothepastorrecurringpresentevents.Tosumup,themajorityofverbsareinthepast;otherformscanalsobeusedifthereisagoodreasonfordoingso.Activevoicemeansthatifthesubjectofasentenceperformstheaction,thentheverbusedtoexpressthismeaningisactive.Ifthesubjectreceivestheactionoftheverb,thentheverbispassive.Passivevoiceisnormallyusediftheagentisarbitrary,notknown,ornotimportant,andsometimes“by…”isomitted.Inthisreadingpassage,apastpassivestructureispredominant.1.3.1ResearchobjectiveInvestigateperceptionsofEnglishneedsinamedicalcontextamongcollegestudentsinTaiwan.Researchsubjects341medicalstudentsintheDepartmentofMedicine,including97freshmen,74sophomores,90juniors,and80seniors,and20facultymembersinthemedicalprogramResearchlocationChungShanMedicalCollegeinTaichung,Taiwan,China.MaterialsTwoquestionnairesProcedureThequestionnairewasgiventothemedicalstudents.Thefacultyquestionnairewasgivento20teachers.StatisticalanalysisThedatawerecomputer-analyzedusinganSPSSprogram.21.3.2·Students’questionnaireincludedfivesectionswith23questions:1)demographicinformation2)importanceofEnglishincollegeandprofessionalcareers3)perceivedlanguageskillneedsandproblems4)theactivitiesneededinafreshmanlanguagecourse,and5)suggestionsfordevelopmentofcoursecontentandmaterialsaswellasdemographicinformation.·Thefacultyquestionnaireconsistedoffoursectionswithl6questions,whichareparalleltothoseintheversiongiventothestudentsexceptthatnodemographicinformationwasgathered.Researchaim:AStudyofperceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContextQuestionnaireOne:Thequestionnairegiventothemedicalstudentsconsistedoffivesectionswith23questions,thetopicsofwhichwereimportanceofEnglishincollegeandprofessionalcareers,perceivedlanguageskillneedsandproblems,activitiesneededinafreshmanlanguagecourse,andsuggestionsfordevelopmentofcoursecontentandmaterialsaswellasdemographicinformation.QuestionnaireTwo:Thefacultyquestionnaireconsistedoffoursectionswithl6questions,whichwereparalleltothoseintheversiongiventothestudentsexceptthatnodemographicinformationwasgathered.Researchrestrictions:Thequestionnaireswerepiloted,andmodifiedaccordingtothefeedbackfroml0respondents:sixmedicalstudentsandfourfacultymembers.Oneoftheauthors,afacultymemberatChungShanMedicalCollege,selectedonerequiredclassforeachgroupofstudents(freshmen,sophomores,juniorsandseniors).(Thepopulationsizeisnotbigenoughandthesamplingtechniqueisnotsoclear.)2.1.1InformationelementsinMethodVerbsinpassivevoiceProcedureweredeveloped,weresentto,weregiventoMaterialsweretranslated,pilotedandmodified;givento,wasgatheredInstrumentwerecomputer-analyzed,weredetermined,werecomputed,wereconducted,heldbyDataanalysiswerechosen,wasgiven,wereasked,isscored,omitted,isgiven,considered,arescored,areadded,areaccompanied32.1.2Apoisonivyinfectionisconsideredbysometobehumorous.Butitisnotfunnyatall.Arashthathastheintensityofafreshmosquitobiteandlastsforseveraldaysiscausedbycontactwiththeplant.Poisonivyinfectionhasbeenstudiedbyscientistsforcenturies,butnopreventivepillorinoculationhasbeenfound.Thepoisonoussubstanceintheplantiscalledurushiol.Aftertheskinistouchedbyurushiol,theexposedareawillsoonbecoveredbyblistersandweepingsores.2.2:Thefollowingsentencesdescribeaprocessofmakingpaper.Usesequentialwordsandrewritethemintoacohesiveparagraph.Firstly,thelogsareplacedintheshredder.Thentheyarecutintosmallchipswhicharemixedwithwaterandacid.Afterthat,theyareheatedandcrushedtoaheavypulpwhichiscleaned.Itisalsochemicallybleachedtowhitenit.Later,itispassedthroughrollerstoflattenit.Thensheetsofwetpaperareproduced.Finally,thewaterisremovedfromthesheetswhicharepressed,driedandrefineduntilthefinishedpaperisproduced.3.1Readthefollowingsentences.Theyarealltakenfrommethodsectionsfromdifferentresearcharticles.Ineachcase,determinewhichinformationelementisrepresented.1.subjects2.material3.procedure4.overview5.statisticaltreatment6.procedureandmaterial7.sampling8.researchlocation3.2Completingsentences1)Thequestionnairewasadministered.2)completedthequestionnaire.3)BackgroundinformationabouttheseparticipantsispresentedinTable2.4)Themeanageoftheparticipantswasapproximately29yearsold.5)theyearofworkingexperiencewassixontheaverage.3.3Reorderingsentences