美国文学The-American-Modernism-I

TheAmericanModernism(I)(1914-1945)PartOne:Introduction:I.Thebackgroundofproducingmodernism1)CharlesDarwin’sTheOriginofSpecies(1859)radicallyalteredthenineteenthcenturyromanticviewthatnature,especiallyhumannature,wasbenign.2)HerbertSpencerandtheGospelofWealthorSocialDarwinism:reconciledindividualismwithcapitalismbysuggestingthattheinterestsofeachcitizenaswellastheinterestsofthestateareservedbyfreeeconomicexpansion.3)TheworkofMarx,andFreud,aswellasothergreatintellectualexplorersandrebelshadmountedanassaultagainstorthodoxreligiousfaiththatlastedintothetwentiethcentury.4)WorldWarIinparticulardeepeneddoubtandreauthorizeddisillusionment.5)AnothersourceofdisillusionmentwastherapidtransformationofAmericansocietythatacceleratedwithWorldWarI.II.Modernism?1）Modernismisaculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartofarchitecture,design,literature,music,dance,paintingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20thcentury,particularlyintheyearsfollowingWorldWarI.Itwasamovementofartistsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistorictradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld.2）Themovementsthatfollowed--includingImpressionism,Post-Impressionism,Cubism,Futurism,Expressionism,Constructivism,DeStijl荷兰抽象画派,andAbstractExpressionismaregenerallydefinedasModernism.3)Modernisminliteratureisnoteasilysummarized,butthekeyelementsareexperimentation,anti-realism,individualismandastressonthecerebral理智的ratherthanemotiveaspects.4)TheworkofModernistwritersischaracterizedbyshowingthedisenchantment,dislocation,andalienationofmenintheworld,andbytheemphasisonexperimentationandformalismandobjectivismwhichare,inmostcases,areactiontothecataclysmknownastheModernAge.5)AmongAmericanwriters,thebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoon.ThedifferencesbetweenrealismandmodernismRealismModernismFunctionofLiteratureEducatePeopleandCriticizeSocialEvilsExpressionofSelfSubjectPublic,ExteriorWorldPrivate,InteriorWorldConceptionofTime&SpaceClockTime,GeographicspacePsychologicalTime&SpaceFormsandTechniquesHero,PlotAnti-hero,Anti-plotToneOptimisticPessimisticIII.TheSchoolsofAmericanModernism:1）Modernpoetry:experimentsinform(Imagism)2）ProseWriting:modernrealism(theLostGeneration)3）NovelsofSocialAwareness4）TheHarlemRenaissance5）NewCriticism6）The20thCenturyAmericanDramaTheLostGeneration:ThetermisappliedtotheAmericanwriterswhofoughtintheFirstWorldWar,andafteritlefttheircountryforParis,bitteroverthewarandseekingadventure.Acircleofartisticexpatriatesappeared--amongthemHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,andothers.HemingwayandFitzgeraldemployedtheirkeensocialobservationinwritingTheSunAlsoRisesandTheGreatGatsby,respectively,widelyconsideredthetwomasterpiecesofLostGenerationfiction.Theunfortunatemembersofthislostgenerationaretrulyestrangedfromtheirmothercountries.Theyfeelasifsocietyhasledthemastray,withnomeansofreturn.Theyblindlyfollowordersandsocietyandsuddenlyfindthemselvesontheoutskirtsofaworldthattheyoncethoughttheyknew.Nowtheyarewithoutacountryandwithoutapurpose.Theseexpatriatesaregropinginthedarkshadowsofthisworldforsomesemblanceofmoralsorvalues.Theyhavenosuccessintherealmofemotionorspirituality.Eventhoughtheycontinuouslythrustthemselvesintothefiresofexperience,theyarestillisolatedfromtheworldinwhichtheylongtobe.Althoughtheyarelost,themembersofHemingway'slostgenerationlongforagrouptowhichtheycanbelong.Theyrealizethatsocietyhascastthemout,Theyyearntobeapartofasocietythathascloseditsdoorsonthem.Hemingwayexpresseshisfearsoftheconsequencesresultingfrombeinganexpatriatethroughtheinsightofhischaracters.F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)F.ScottFitzgeraldTheJazzAgeInthe1920s,Americabecameabsorbedinmakingmoney.Thewholesocietyfranticallypursuedindividualsuccessandpersonalenjoyment.F.ScottFitzgeraldwasamostrepresentativenovelistofthe1920s.Hewasbothaleadingparticipantinthetypicallyfrivolous,carefree,moneymakinglifeofthedecadeand,atthesametime,adetachedobserverofit.DominantinfluencesonFSFAspiration;Literature;Princeton;ZeldaSayreFitzgerald;Alcohol.LifeExperiences(1)24September1896BirthofFrancisScottKeyFitzgeraldinSt.Paul,Minnesota.October1909Publicationof“TheMysteryoftheRaymondMortgage”,FSF’sfirstappearanceinprint.September1913FSFenteredPrincetonUniversity.February1919FSFdischargedfromarmy.PlanningtomarryZeldaSayre.LifeExperiences(2)26March1920PublicationofThisSideofParadise.3April1920MarriageofFSFandZeldaSayre.10April1925PublicationofTheGreatGatsby.21December1940FSFdiedofheartattack.MajorWorksThisSideofParadise(1920)FlappersandPhilosophers(1920)TheBeautifulandtheDamned(1922)TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)TheGreatGatsby(1925)TenderIstheNight(1934)TheLastTycoon(1941)人间天堂姑娘们与哲学家漂亮的冤家爵士乐时代的故事了不起的盖茨比夜色温柔最后的巨头ThisSideofParadise(1920)ThisSideofParadise:anintroductionF.ScottFitzgeraldwrotethefirstdraftofhisfirstnovelinthearmyduring1917and1918.TheworkingtitleswereTheRomanticEgoistandTheRomanticEgotist.ItwasrejectedbyCharlesScribner'sSonsin1918.In1