Lecture5被动语态

Lecture4PassiveVoice•被动句的使用场合•主动句变被动句的转换规则•词组动词的被动态•“主-动-that从句”句型的被动句•主动结构表示被动意义被动句的使用场合•说话者为了把句子的语义重心放在事件本身而不必提到施动者时常用被动句。•由于不知道施动者为谁，或者为了含蓄不愿道出施动者为谁时，常用被动句。•为了强调施动者，如果让它出现在主语的位置上便不能受到应有的强调时，常用带by-词组的被动句。•被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配。说话者为了把句子的语义重心放在事件本身而不必提到施动者时常用被动句。•Hundredsofpassengerswerekilledinthecrash.•Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.由于不知道施动者为谁，或者为了含蓄不愿道出施动者为谁时，常用被动句。•Thisbookwaspublishedinthe16thcentury.•Thisproposalwasgenerallyconsideredasnotverypractical.•Thejournalistsweretoldnottoenterthatarea.为了强调施动者，如果让它出现在主语的位置上便不能受到应有的强调时，常用带by-词组的被动句。•Whoinventedthetelephone?---ItwasinventedbyGrahamBell.•Howwasthedamdamaged?---Itwasdamagedbyaflood.•Whycan’tyoudoit?---Thisisforbiddenbylaw.被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配•在一个句子中有时为了避免中途变更主语而不得不采用被动结构。JackfoughtMichaelinthemen’ssingles(男子单打）and(Jack)wasbeaten.Theword“plastic”comesfromtheGreekword“plasticos”andisusedtodescribesomethingwhichcanbeeasilyshaped.被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配•有时为了上下句紧密衔接而采用被动结构。HevisitedChina’snortheasternprovincesin1935.ThoseprovinceswerebeingoverrunbytheJapaneseinvaders.有时主动句和被动句的使用完全取决于上文提示的语义意图。Itrainedheavilylastnight.A:Theflowersareallgone.Whathappenedtothem?•Theraindestroyedtheflowers.（语义重心在theflowers）•B:They(Theflowers)weredestroyedbytherain.（语义重心在therain）Ineachpairofthefollowingitalicizedactive/passivestructuredeterminewhichismoreappropriatedaccordingtocontextandgivereasonsforyourchoice.1.Theseenginesusedtobestartedbyhand.Nowtheyarestartedbyelectricity.2.Theinjuredwereallowedhomeaftertreatmentatthelocalhospital,butoneofthefiremenwasdetainedforobservation.Nowwestartthembyelectricity.butthehospitaldetainedoneofthefiremenforobservation.3.Compareclotheswhichhavebeenwashedbyuswithclotheswashedbyanyotherlaundry.4.Afterthegovernmenthadspentamillionpoundsontheschemeitwasdecidedthatitwasimpracticableandshouldbegivenup.whichwehavewashed//theydecided5.Theshipwasputintoquarantine(隔离检疫）andpassengersandcrewwereforbiddentoland.6.Oneofthegreatadvantagesofatomicpowerstationsisthefactthattheycanbebuiltintheveryregionwherepoweristobeused.andtheyforbadepassengersandcrewtolandpeoplecanbuildthem/7.ObservationsaremadedailyattwohundredweatherstationsinandaroundtheBritishIsles,whichsendinreportseverythreehours.Measurementsofwindspeed,temperatureandpressurearealsomadebyweathershipsintheAtlantic.Weathershipsalsomakemeasurementsofwindspeed,temperatureandpressureintheAtlantic8.ItwastwentyyearsagoandIwaslivinginParis.IhadatinyapartmentintheLatinQuarteroverlookingacemeteryandIwasearningbarelyenoughmoneytokeepbodyandsoultogether.andbarelyenoughmoneywasearnedtokeepbodyandsoultogether被动语态的种类P65现在过去将来过去将来一般am/is/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone进行am/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone------完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone完成进行------------在主动语态变为被动语态时，可按以下三个步骤•把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。•把谓语变成被动结构(be＋done)，并根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。•把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。•WespeakChinese.•Chineseisspokenbyus.被动语态由be+done构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在be动词的变化上，同时be动词还要在人称和数上同主语保持一致。一般现在时：am/is/are+done•Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.•Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.•Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.•Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.一般过去时：was/were+done•Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.•Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.•Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.•Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.一般将来时：shall/will+bedone•Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.•Carswillbesentabroadbysea.•Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.•Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.过去将来时：should/would+bedone•Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.•Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.•Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.•Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.现在进行时：am/is/are+beingdone•TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.•Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastontheradio.•Wearepaintingtherooms.•Theroomsarebeingpainted.过去进行时：was/were+beingdone•—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?•—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.•Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.•Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.•Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.现在完成时：have/has+beendone•Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.•Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.•Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.•Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.过去完成时：hadbeendone•WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.•WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.•Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.•Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。•Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.•Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.•Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.•Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.词组动词的被动态•“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+副词+借词”（一般词组动词）Thechildrenarewelllookedafter.Whenwasthehospitalsetup?Thatsortofthingshouldbedoneawaywith.词组动词应