广外翻译概期末复习

翻概期末复习资料A.名词解释：20个考2分，30~80词1.Translation:Thetermtranslationitselfhasseveralmeanings:itcanrefertothegeneralsubjectfield,theproduct(thetextthathasbeentranslated)ortheprocess(theactofproducingthetranslation,otherwiseknownastranslating).2.TranslationStudies:Translationstudiesisanacademicinterdiscipline(n.跨学科，多种学科)dealingwiththesystematicstudyofthetheory,descriptionandapplicationoftranslation,interpreting,andlocalization（地方化）.ThetermTranslationStudieswascoinedbytheAmericanscholarJamesS.Holmesinhispaper“Thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”,whichisconsideredafoundationalstatementforthediscipline.3.FeaturesofDiscourse:Featuresofadiscourseincludecohesionandcoherence.Thetiesthatbindatexttogetherareoftenreferredtoundertheheadingofcohesionwhilecoherenceisunityinatextordiscourse,whichmakessensebecauseitselementsdonotcontradicteachother’spresuppositions.Simply,coherenceisnaturalorreasonableconnectioninthoughts.4.SemanticTranslation(Newmark):Semantictranslation,wherethetranslatorattempts,withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsoftheTL,toproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.Ittendstobemorecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailedanditremainswithintheoriginalcultureandlanguageasmuchaspossible.5.Communicativetranslation(Newmark):Communicativetranslation,wherethetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTargetLanguagereadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders.Itislikelytobesmoother,simpler,cleaner,moredirect,moreconventional,usinghold-alltermsindifficultpassages.6.Paraphrase(Dryden):translationwithlatitude,wheretheauthoriskeptinviewbythetranslator,soasnevertobelost,buthiswordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedashissense;thisinvolveschangingwholephrasesandmoreorlesscorrespondstofaithfulorsense-for-sensetranslation.7.Tytler’sthreegenerallawsoftranslation:Firstly,thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Secondly,thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thirdly,thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.8.Equivalence：equivalenceisthenatureandtheextentoftherelationshipsbetweenSLandTLtexts.ItrelatestoequivalentitemsinspecificST-TTpairsandcontexts.TherearedifferenttypesofequivalenceincludingDenotativeEquivalence,Connotativeequivalence,pragmaticequivalenceandetc.9.DynamicEquivalence(Nida):DynamicEquivalence,wheretherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage.Itisreceptor-orientedandthegoalofdynamicequivalenceistoseekthe“closestnaturalequivalenttotheSLmessage”.10.Domestication(Venuti):归化ItisalsoknownasDomesticatingtranslation,aimingtominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortheTLreaders.Itmaycarrynegativeconnotations,culturalnarcissim,culturalhegemonyofthepowerfulculturesandculturalcolonialism.Itisaggressivelymonolingual,unreceptivetotheforeign.11.Foreignization(Venuti)异化AtermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreaksthetargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignessoftheoriginal.Venutibelievesitisastrategicculturalinterventiontomakethetranslator“visible”andtomakethereadersrealizeanditrestrains“violence”.12.Invisibilityofthetranslator(Venuti):~isatermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslator’ssituationanactivityincontemporaryAnglo-Americanculture.Venutiseesthisinvisibilityastypicallybeingproduced:bythewaytranslatorsthemselvestendtotranslate“fluently“intoEnglish,toproduceanidiomaticand‘readable”TT,thuscreatingan“illusionoftransparency”;bythewaythetranslatedtextsaretypicallyreadinthetargetculture.13.Coherencerule(HansVermeer):连贯原则~StatesthattheTTmustbeinterpretableascoherentwiththeTTreceiver’ssituation.Inotherwords,theTTmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentfortheTTreceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge.14.Fidelityrule(HansVermeer):忠实法则，语内连贯法则；~merelystatesthattheremustbecoherencebetweenthetranslatumandtheSTor,morespecifically,between:theSTinformationreceivedbythetranslator,theinterpretationthetranslatormakesofthisinformation,theinformationthatisencodedfortheTTreceivers.15.Loyaltyintranslation(Nord):Accordingtotheprevailingconceptoftranslation,readersmightexpectthattheTTgivesexactlytheauthor’sopinion.Itisthetranslator’smoralresponsibilitytobeloyalbothtotheSTauthorandreaders.Loyaltyexistsintheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthetranslator,theSTauthorandTTaddresseesandalwaysrefertotheattitudeofthetranslatorduringtheprocessoftranslating.16.Polysystem(Even-Zohar):多元系统Itisdevelopedin1970sbyEven-Zohar.Thepolysystemisconceivedasaheterogeneous,hierarchizedconglomerateofsystemswhichinteracttobringaboutanongoing,dynamicprocessofevolutionwithinthepolysystemasawhole.Thenotionofsystem:amulti-layeredstructureofelementswhichrelatetoandinteractwitheachother.17.Operationalnorms(Toury):OperationalnormsdescribethepresentationandlinguisticmatteroftheTT.Theyaffectthematrixoftextandthetextualmake-upandverbalformulation.OperationalnormsconsistsofMatricialnormsandTextual-linguisticnorms.18.Expectancynorms(Chesterman):~areestablishedbytheexpectatio