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Unit9TheOneAgainsttheManyArthurM.Schlesinger,Jr.StructureoftheTextPartI(Para.1)TheauthorraisestheissueoftheAmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopment.PartII(Paras.2-6)ThefactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.1．ThetraditionalanalysisofthefactorsthatcontributedtoAmerica’srapiddevelopment.(Paras.2-5)2.Theauthor’sviewofthekeyfactor—thenation’srejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.(Para.6)PartIII(Paras.7-10)Theauthor’sdefinitionofideologyandthedifferencebetweenideologyandpragmatism.(Para.7)(Theauthor’sdefinitionofideology,andtheintroductionoftheconceptof“hedgehogs”vs.“foxes”.)1.TheauthorpointsoutthatAmericanshavenotbeenimmunetothetemptationofideology,andthereasonforthat.(Para.8)2.Yet,mostofthetime,Americanshaveacceptedpragmatism,whichhasmadeAmericaanationofinnovationandexperiment.(Para.9)3.TheauthorusestheAmericanRevolutiontoillustratethedistinctionbetweenideologyandpragmatism.(Para.10)PartIV(Paras.11-12)TheauthorusesThomasJeffersonasanexampleshowingthedifferencebetweenidealsandideology.PartV(Paras.13-14)Theauthorpointsouttheproblemwithideology:theconfusionofabstractionfromrealityforreality.PartVI(Paras.15-19)Theauthor’sanalysisofthedifferencebetweentheideologistandthepragmatismintheirviewsofhistoryandintheirapproachestoissuesofpublicpolicy.1.Thedifferencebetweentheviewsofhistory.(Paras.15-16)2.Thedifferencebetweentheirapproachestoissuesofpublicpolicy.(Paras.17-19)PartVII(Paras.20-22)Conclusion:1.Theconflictofourtimes:theonevs.themany.(Para.20)2.Thegoaloftheideologists:tomaketheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideologies.(Para.21)3.Thegoaloffreemen.(Para.22)DetailedStudyoftheText1.Inanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment,itisinstructivetorecallthattheUnitedStatesitselfbeganasanunderdevelopedcountry.(Para.1)Question:Fromthisstatement,canyouguesswhentheessaywaswritten?Itislikelythattheessaywaswritteninthelate1960sorearly1970sbecausemanycountriesinAsiaandAfricawonindependenceinthisperiodandwantedtodeveloptheircountries.Compare“period”,“epoch”,“era”and“age”.“Period”isageneraltermforanyportionofhistoricaltime.“Epoch”and“era”areoftenusedinterchangeablybut,strictlyspeaking,“epoch”appliestothebeginningofanewperiodmarkedbyradicalchanges,newdevelopments,etc.,and“era”appliestoanentireperiod.e.g.:Thesteamenginemarkedanewepochintransportation.The20thcenturywasaneraofwarandrevolution.“Age”isappliedtoalongperiodidentifiedwithadominantordistinctivecharacteristic.e.g.:“theStoneAge”;“theVictorianAge”2.Everycountry,ofcourse,hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblemsandmustsolvethemaccordingtoitsowntraditions,capacities,andvalues.(Para.2)Questions:(1)Whatroledoesthissentenceplay?Itisatransitionalsentence.(2)Whatdoyouthinkofthisstatement?Thisstatementmakesgoodsense.Thedevelopmentproblemsandsolutionsvaryfromcountrytocountry.Totrytoapplyasinglemodeltodifferentproblemsandsituationsistoinvitedisaster.Buttherearealsocertainrulesthatareapplicableinallsituationsandtheserulesshouldnotbeignored.capacity:abilitytodothings3.TheAmericanexperiencewasuniqueinanumberofways.(Para.2)Translation:美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的。4.Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages—aboveall,bythefactthatpopulationwasscarceinrelationtoavailableresources.(Para.2)bless:tofavorTranslation:这个国家有着得天独厚的优势——主要是人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富。5.Hadthatbeenso,theIndians,forwhomtheratiowasevenmorefavorable,wouldhavedevelopedthecountrylongbeforethefirstsettlersarrivedfromovertheseas.(Para.2)Note:(1)Thisstatementisinthesubjunctivemood.(2)ThefirstsettlersgenerallyreferredtowerethefoundersofJamestown(Virginia)in1607and/orthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toestablishthefirstcolonyatPlymouthinwhattodayissoutheasternMassachusetts.Paraphrase:Hadthatbeenso...:Ifthefavorableratiobetweenpopulationandresourceshadbeentheonlyfactor...6.Whatmatteredequallywasthespiritinwhichthesesettlersapproachedtheeconomicandsocialchallengesofferedbytheenvironment.SeveralelementsseemedfundamentaltothephilosophywhichfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheAmericancontinent.(Para.2)approach:tobegindealingwith;toadoptamethodforattainingagoalorpurposeQuestion:Whatwerethechallengesmentionedinthestatement?ThechallengesmightrefertothehungeranddiseasethesettlersfacedaftertheirlandingintheNewWorld,totheirrelationshipwithhostileneighboringIndiantribesandtheirdreamofbuildinga“cityonthehill”.7.Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation.ThebeliefthatinvestmentinpeopleisthemostessentialwayforasocietytodevoteitsresourcesexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmericancolonies.(Para.3)Question:WhydoestheauthorsaythisbeliefexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmericancolonies?Theauthorprobablymakesthisstatementbasedonthefollowingfacts:HarvardUniversitywasfoundedin1636,WilliamandMaryin1693,andYaleUniversityin1701.ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin1647sothat“SatancouldnotkeeppeoplefromknowledgeoftheScriptures”.“...thePuritantraditioninvolvedarespectforlearning,whichopportunitiesforlearningthuscreated,andthepressuresforwidespreadeducationth