chemistry SAT2

HonorsChemistry/SATIITableofContentsI.STRUCTUREOFMATTER1.MatterA.Substancesi.Elements…………………………………………………………………1ii.Compounds………………………………………………………………2B.Mixtures…………………………………………………………………………42.AtomicTheoryandStructureA.DevelopmentofAtomicTheoryi.EmptySpaceConcept…………………………………………………6ii.Bohr'sModel……………………………………………………………7iii.SpectralLines…………………………………………………………9B.OrbitalModeloftheAtomi.QuantumEnergyLevels………………………………………………10ii.HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple……………………………………11iii.ElectronConfigurations………………………………………………12iv.ValenceElectrons………………………………………………………17v.LewisElectronDiagrams………………………………………………19C.QuantumNumbersi.Properties…………………………………………………………………20D.AtomicMassesi.AtomicMass/MassNumber……………………………………………21ii.AtomicNumber…………………………………………………………24iii.Isotopes…………………………………………………………………26iv.TheNucleus……………………………………………………………28E.ElectronsandIonsi.ElectronsandIons………………………………………………………31ii.Ions………………………………………………………………………33iii.IonizationEnergy………………………………………………………36F.SubatomicParticlesi.Properties…………………………………………………………………37ii.Masses……………………………………………………………………37iii.AZXConvention………………………………………………………383.PeriodicRelationshipsA.DevelopmentofthePeriodicTablei.PeriodicLaw………………………………………………………………39B.StructureofthePeriodicTablei.Columns(Groups)………………………………………………………40ii.Rows(Periods)…………………………………………………………42C.PropertiesofElementsi.CovalentAtomicRadius………………………………………………43ii.IonicRadius………………………………………………………………46iii.IonizationEnergy………………………………………………………48iv.OxidationStates………………………………………………………55v.ElectronAffinity…………………………………………………………vi.Electronegativity………………………………………………………56vii.Metals……………………………………………………………………59viii.Nonmetalsa.Properties…………………………………………………………60b.MonatomicMolecules…………………………………………61ix.Metalloids………………………………………………………………62x.Phases……………………………………………………………………62D.ChemistryofGroupsi.GroupsIA,IIA,andIIIA…………………………………………………63ii.GroupsIVA,VA,andVIA………………………………………………66iii.GroupVIIA………………………………………………………………67iv.Group0…………………………………………………………………68v.TansitionMetals…………………………………………………………69E.ChemistryofPeriods…………………………………………………………704.ChemicalBondingA.TheNatureofChemicalBondingi.ChemicalEnergy…………………………………………………………70ii.BondingandStability…………………………………………………72iii.Electronegativity………………………………………………………74iv.BondLength……………………………………………………………77B.BondTypesi.IonicBonds………………………………………………………………78ii.CovalentBondsa.NonpolarCovalent………………………………………………83b.PolarCovalent……………………………………………………84c.CoordinateCovalent……………………………………………85d.Network……………………………………………………………87iii.MetallicBonds…………………………………………………………88C.Polarity…………………………………………………………………………91D.MolecularAttractioni.Dipoles……………………………………………………………………92ii.HydrogenBonding………………………………………………………94iii.VanderWaalsForces…………………………………………………98iv.Molecule-IonAttraction………………………………………………101E.MolecularStructurei.LewisStructures…………………………………………………………102ii.FormalCharge…………………………………………………………107iii.Resonance………………………………………………………………108iv.Hybridization……………………………………………………………108v.GeometryandVSEPR…………………………………………………109vi.SigmaandPiBonds……………………………………………………112F.PropertiesofSubstances……………………………………………………1135.ChemicalCompoundsA.Formulasi.Molecular…………………………………………………………………114ii.Empirical…………………………………………………………………115B.NamingCompounds…………………………………………………………116C.WritingFormulas………………………………………………………………119D.BalancingChemicalEquations………………………………………………1256.NuclearDecayA.Emanationsi.AlphaDecay………………………………………………………………129ii.BetaDecay………………………………………………………………130iii.Gammaradiation………………………………………………………132iv.SeparatingEmanations………………………………………………132B.Half-Lifei.Half-Life……………………………………………………………………134C.Mass-EnergyEquivalencei.NuclearBindingEnergy………………………………………………136ii.MassDefect………………………………………………………………1377.RelationshipAnalysisQuestions……………………………………………138II.STATESOFMATTER1.GasesA.IdealGasLawsi.StandardTemperatureandPressure…………………………………ii.Boyle'sLaw………………………………………………………………115iii.Charles'Law……………………………………………………………158iv.PartialPressures………………………………………………………160v.CombinedGasLaw……………………………………………………161vi.Graham'sLaw…………………………………………………………162B.Kinetic-MolecularTheoryi.Theory……………………………………………………………………163ii.TheMoleConcept………………………………………………………167iii.Temperature……………………………………………………………170iv.AverageMolecularSpeed……………………………………………171v.Deviations………………………………………………………………17256155C.Measurementi.BarometersandManometers…………………………………………1722.LiquidsandSolidsA.Kinetic-MolecularTheory……………………………………………………174B.PhaseChangesi.BoilingPoint………………………………………………………………174ii.HeatofVaporization……………………………………………………175iii.VaporPressure…………………………………………………………176iv.MeltingPoint……………………………………………………………177v.HeatofFusion……………………………………………………………180vi.Sublimation………………………………………………………………181C.PhaseDiagrams………………………………………………………………182D.SolidStructuresi.Crystals……………………………………………………………………185ii.NetworkSolids…………………………………………………………1863.SolutionsA.Solubilityi.Saturated/Unsaturated…………………………………………………189ii.Dilute/Concentrated……………………………………………………195B.Concentrationi.Molarity……………………………………………………………………197ii.Molality……………………………………………………………………203iii.MoleFraction……………………………………………………………204iv.MassPercent…………………………