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Chapter11,whatisstyleinyouropinionaccordingtowhatwehavestudiedinthischapter?Anwser1,fromtheperspectiveofthecontent,theeventsandactivitiesdescribed,styleissayingdifferentthingsindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveofthewaysofexpressionused,styledissamethingindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveoftheusersoflanguage,styleisdifferentspeakersusinglanguageindifferentways;andfromtheperspectiveofthetext,styleisthefunctionsoftextsfordifferentpurposes.Anwser2,thedefinitionofstyleistheconceptofstyleaschoice.thisdefinitioncanhaveatleasttoointerpretations.oneisthatfirstwehaveapre-existingthought,andthenwechoicetheappropriatetypeofexpressiontoexpressitinlanguage.Thechosenexpressionisthestyle.anotheristhatthechoicereferstothechoiceofmeaning.Thechoiceoflanguageisatthesametimeachoiceofmeaningandachoiceofstyle.2,whatisthesignificanceofstudyingthestyleoflanguageinlearningandteachingEnglish?Anwser,theansweristhatifwewanttouselanguageappropriatelyindifferentsituations,weneedtostudystyle.asforeignlanguagelearners,ifwedisregardtherulesofusingwhatvarietyoflanguageinwhatoccasion,orfailtoobeythemthroughignorance,languagecanbecomeinsteadabarriertosuccessfulcommunication.Thereforeitsnecessarytohaveaclearawarenessofhowlanguageshouldbeusedindifferenttypesofsituationsespeciallyinunfamiliarsituations.3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle?Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsinthereader’smind,sotheycanresultindifferentstyles.2,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.Chapter21,explainthefollowingterms1),foregrounding:thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentandmotivated,thatis,foregrounded.2),incongruity:thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.3)deflection:thelinguisticfeaturesdon’tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.4),field;itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc5)tenor:itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.6)mode:itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.2,questionfordiscussion2)inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninfluencethestylisticeffect.trytoanalyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.Answer:differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat.Inappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcretethings,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectarehighlighted.Anotherfunctionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemstohighlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedinconcrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueoflanguage.3)whatfactorsaffectthewriter’sselectionofwordsandstyleAnswer:fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:whethertheyarefamiliarornotfamiliar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleormore,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo–saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter’sselectionofstyle.4)whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywordsAnswer:wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisteranddialect.register:field,tenor,mode.dialect:regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,etc.temporaldialectsuchasodEnglish.5)throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning?Answer:simile:xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:XisY,egheisapig.Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.Chapter31,explainthefollowingterms1),chiasmus:chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.2)antistrophe:itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:what’spollytome,ormetopolly?3)epizeuxis:itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.4)ploce:therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.5)loosesentence:putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.6)periodicsentence:aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,thusdrawingthelistener’sattentiontotheendofthesentence.itcanbeusedtoproducehumorousandemphaticeffect.2,questionfordiscussion1),therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:recurrenceofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified?Answer:therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:theunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrenceofacertaintypeofsentence;andtheoverregularoccurrenceofaparticularpattern.2)thehighfrequencyofoccurrenceoflongandsho