AP Psychology Chapter 1

ShapeDreamsShapeDreamsShapeDreamsShapeDreamsAcademyAcademyAcademyAcademyPsychologyPsychologyPsychologyPsychologyLesson1Lesson1Lesson1Lesson1Lesson1:Lesson1:Lesson1:Lesson1:ApproachesandHistoryApproachesandHistoryApproachesandHistoryApproachesandHistory&MethodsofResearch&MethodsofResearch&MethodsofResearch&MethodsofResearchReadings:Readings:Readings:Readings:IntroductiontoPsychologyIntroductiontoPsychologyIntroductiontoPsychologyIntroductiontoPsychologyChapter1Chapter1Chapter1Chapter11.HistoryandApproaches1.HistoryandApproaches1.HistoryandApproaches1.HistoryandApproaches1.1.Logic,Philosophy,andHistoryofScience1.2.Approaches1.2.1.Biological1.2.2.Behavioral1.2.3.Cognitive1.2.4.Humanistic1.2.5.Psychodynamic1.2.6.Sociocultural1.2.7.Evolutionary2.ResearchMethod2.ResearchMethod2.ResearchMethod2.ResearchMethod2.1.Experimental,Correlational,andClinicalResearch2.2.Statistics2.2.1.Descriptive2.2.2.Inferential2.3.EthicsinResearch1.1.Logic,Philosophy,andHistoryofScienceP31.1.Logic,Philosophy,andHistoryofScienceP31.1.Logic,Philosophy,andHistoryofScienceP31.1.Logic,Philosophy,andHistoryofScienceP3Psychologyisthestudyofbehaviorandthemind.BehaviorBehaviorBehaviorBehavior,anaturalprocesssubjecttonaturallaws,referstotheobservableactionsofapersonorananimal.ThemindThemindThemindThemindreferstothesensations,memories,motives,emotions,thoughts,andothersubjectivephenomenaparticulartoanindividualoranimalthatarenotreadilyobserved.Stage1:AncientGreeks,AncientGreeks,AncientGreeks,AncientGreeks,firsttospeculateonthenatureofthemind.AndDualism,Dualism,Dualism,Dualism,thequestionsraisedbytheearlyGreeks,dividestheworldandallthingsinitintotwoparts:bodyandspirit.Theydealwiththenatureofthemindandmentalprocesses,whicharethekeyelementsofthecognitivecognitivecognitivecognitiveperspectiveperspectiveperspectiveperspectiveinpsychology.●SocratesSocratesSocratesSocrates苏格拉底consideredthephilosophicalissuesofbeautyandjusticeandtherightsofman.●PlatoPlatoPlatoPlato柏拉图arguedthathumanspossessinnateknowledgethatisnotobtainablesimplybyobservingthephysicalworld.●AristotleAristotleAristotleAristotle亚里士多德believedthatpeoplederivetruthfromthephysicalworldandhisapplicationoflogicandsystematicobservationoftheworldlaidthebasisforthescientificmethod.●HipprocratesHipprocratesHipprocratesHipprocrates希波克拉底,,,,fatherofdemicine,wasdeeplyinterestedinphysiology,thestudyofthefunctionsofthelivingorganismanditsparts,makingmanyimportantobservationsabouthowthebraincontrolsvariousorgansofthebody.Theseobservationssetthestageofwhatbecamethebiologicalbiologicalbiologicalbiologicalperspectiveperspectiveperspectiveperspectiveinpsychology.Stage2:ScientificRevolutionScientificRevolutionScientificRevolutionScientificRevolution(c.1600-1700):greatdiscoveriesinbiology,astronomy,andotherscience,alongwithcorrespondingmovementsinphilosophyandart,madeitclearthathumannaturewassubjecttoscientificinquiry.●ReneDescartesReneDescartesReneDescartesReneDescartes勒奈····笛卡尔(1596-1650)believedthatthephysicalworldisnotunderdivineinfluencebutratherfollowsasetofobservablelawsorrules.Buthumanaretheexceptiontothisrule,becausetheypossessmindswhichisnotobservableandisnotsubjecttonaturallaws.Hehypothesizedthatthemindandbodyinteractinthepinealglandpinealglandpinealglandpinealglandwhichlocateddeepwithinthebrainatthetopofthebrainstem,andthatthemindcontrolsthebodywhilethebodyprovidesthemindwithsensoryinputforittodecipher.Finally,herealizedthatsomebodymovementsbodymovementsbodymovementsbodymovements,whichhenamedreflexesthatareimmediateandunconsciousreactiontoanenvironmentalevent,arenotcontrolbymind.●●●●JohnLockeJohnLockeJohnLockeJohnLocke约翰····洛克(1632-1704)extendedDescarte'sapplicationofnaturallawstoallthings,believingthateventhemindisunderthecontrolofsuchlaws.Hisschoolofthoughtisknownasempiricismempiricismempiricismempiricism-theacquisitionoftruththroughobservationsandexperience.Inhisbook,EssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding,Lockeproposedthathumansarebornknowingnothing.Heusedthetermtabularasatabularasatabularasatabularasa(Latinforblankslate)todescribethemindofachild.Allknowledgethatpeoplehavemustbelearned;nothingisinnate.Hefeltthatallknowledgemustderivefromexperienceandemphasizednurtureovernatureasthegreaterinfluenceondevelopment.●●●●ThomasHobbesThomasHobbesThomasHobbesThomasHobbes托马斯····霍布斯(1589-1679)believedthattheideaofasoulorspirit,orevenofamind,ismeaningless.Hisphilosophyisknownasmaterialismmaterialismmaterialismmaterialism,whichisthebeliefthattheonlythingsthatexistarematterandenergy.Whatpeopleexperienceasconsciousnessissimplyaby-productofthemachineryofthebrainthatgreatlyinfluencedbehaviorism.Stage3:TheNineteenthCentury:TheNineteenthCentury:TheNineteenthCentury:TheNineteenthCentury:atimeofgreatdiscoveriesinbiologyandmedicine,whichinfluencedthescienceofpsychologytovaryingextents.●CharlesDarwinCharlesDarwinCharlesDarwinCharlesDarwin查尔斯····达尔文(1809-1882)publishedOriginofSpeciesin1859andproposedatheoryofnaturalselectionwhichsaidthatallcreatureshaveevolvedintotheirpresentstateoverlongperiodoftimebecausethecreatureswhoareb