WOFOST小结

WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！1WOFOST小结1ABriefIntroductionWOFOST(WOrldFOodSTudies)isasimulationmodelforthequantitativeanalysisofthegrowthandproductionofannualfieldcrops.Itisamechanisticmodelthatexplainscropgrowthonthebasisoftheunderlyingprocesses,suchasphotosynthesis,respirationandhowtheseprocessesareinfluencedbyenvironmentalconditions.WithWOFOST,youcancalculateattainablecropproduction,biomass,wateruse,etc.foralocationgivenknowledgeaboutsoiltype,croptype,weatherdataandcropmanagementfactors(e.g.sowingdate).WOFOSThasbeenusedbymanyresearchersovertheWorldandhasbeenappliedformanycropsoveralargerangeofclimaticandmanagementconditions.Moreover,WOFOSTisimplementedintheCropGrowthMonitoringSystem(CGMS)whichisusedoperationallytomonitorarablecropsinEuropeandtomakecropyieldforecastsforthecurrentgrowingseason.WOFOSToriginatedintheframeworkofinterdisciplinarystudiesonworldfoodsecurityandonthepotentialworldfoodproductionbytheCenterforWorldFoodStudies(CWFS)incooperationwiththeWageningenAgriculturalUniversity,DepartmentofTheoreticalProductionEcology(WAU-TPE)andtheDLO-CenterforAgrobiologicalResearchandSoilFertility(AB-DLO),Wageningen,theNetherlands.AftercessationofCWFSin1988,theDLOWinandStaringCentre(SC-DLO)hascontinueddevelopmentofthemodelinco-operationwithAB-DLOandWAU-TPE.2TheoreticalbackgroundofWOFOSTWOFOSTisadynamic，explanatory(deterministic,process)model.Nevertheless，somepartsofthemodelaredescriptive(statistical,stochastic)and/orstatic.WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！22.1Assimilationandrespiration(光合与呼吸)2.2Phenologicaldevelopment(作物物候)作物发育速度在很大程度上决定于温度和日长，在WOFOST模型中，生物物WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！3候学是通过无因次状态变量发育阶段D来描述的。对于大多数一年生作物来说，我们假定出苗时期的D值为0，开花期为1，成熟期为2.其中，温度对作物发育阶段的影响，可以用如下方程进行计算：erepTD=T，其中：eT代表每天作物生长的有效积温，repT代表营养生长和生殖生长分别所需的积温总和。2.3Transpiration(蒸腾作用)2.4Waterbalanceofthesoil(土壤水平衡)【理解】植物代谢水=土壤供应水-土壤流失水=(R+SS+SR+CR)-(E+T+PC)2.5Nutrients(营养)3.RequiredexperimentaldataforWOFOSTcalibration3.1IntroductionPotentialproduction:Cropgrowthisdeterminedbyirradiation,temperatureandplantcharacteristicsonly.AtmosphericCO2-concentrationisassumedtobeconstant.Allotherfactorsareassumedtobeinamplesupply.Attainable(Limited)production:Inadditiontoirradiation,temperatureandplantcharacteristics,theeffectoftheavailabilityofwaterandplantnutrientsisconsidered.Ifthesupplyofwaterornutrientsissub-optimalduring(partsof)thegrowingseason,thisleadstowater-and/ornutrient-limitedproduction,whichisWOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！4normallylowerthanpotentialproduction.Thisholdsforbiomassproduction.Waterlimitedyieldmaybehigherthanpotentialyieldbecauseofmorefavorableharvestindex.Actual(Reduced)production:Atthislevel,thepossiblereductionincropyieldbymostlybioticfactorslikeweeds,pestsanddiseasesistakenintoaccount.3.2CropdataInitial:(1)weightofseedorplantingmaterial(2)sowingdesity(3)sowing/plantingdateDuration:(1)phenologicaldevelopmentordatesofsowing,emergence,anthesisandmaturity(2)leafareaindexorlightinterception(3)plantdensityFinalharvest:(1)totalbiomass(2)distributionofbiomassoverplantorgans(3)livinganddeadleafweight(4)cropcompositionatfinalharvestOthercropinfo.(1)leafdamage(2)yieldlossesbypestanddiseaseinfestationand/weedcompetition(3)yieldlossesbynutrientshortage3.3SoildataInitial:(1)soilphysicalcharacteristics(pF-curve土壤水分特征曲线orsoilmoisturecontentsatfieldcapacity田间含水量andwiltingpoint凋萎点andsoilporosity土壤孔隙)(2)soil-limitedrootabledepth(3)possibly，hydraulicconductivity导水率(4)forpaddyrice，surfacewaterstorageDuration：(1)soilmoisturecontentinrootedsoil(2)groundwaterlevelSpecialsoilandlandscapecharacteristics（暂不考虑）(1)hydrology(2)salinity盐(3)sodicity碱(4)specialsoillayersorstructure(5)slopeanddegreeofsurfacerunoff3.4WeatherinformationWOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！5(1)minimumtemperature（oC）(2)maximumtemperature(oC)(3)dailyglobalirradiation(kJ·m-2·d-1)(4)precipitation(mm·d-1)(5)meanwindspeedat2mabovegroundlevel(m·s-1)(6)vapourpressure(earlymorning,kpa)3.5Otheradditionalinformation(1)Appliedinorganicfertiliser，animalandgreenmanure绿肥(2)Cropmanagementandprotection(3)Croprotation作物轮作(4)Irrigationmethodandamountofappliedirrigationwater(5)Soiltillagemethod(6)Drainagesystem4参数输入与调整4.1作物参数与调整18各参数，11个需调参，7个默认：TSUMENTSUM1TSUM2RGRLAI(最大叶面积增长量)TDWISLATBSPANKDIFTB(散射光消光系数)EFFTB(单叶光利用效率)AMAXTBCLVCVSCVOCVRRMLRMORMRRMS【注】红色字体的为需要调整的参数；黑色字体的为默认的参数。下同。4.2水分限制下的作物和土壤参数与调整11各参数，8个需调参，3个默认：SMTAB(土壤含水量)SMW(凋萎系数)SMFCF(田间持水量)SMO(土壤饱和含水量)CRAIRC(土壤通气临界空气含量)CONTAB(土壤导水率)KO(饱和土壤导水率)SOPE(根层最大入渗速率)KSUB(根层以下土壤最大入渗速率)RDI(初始扎根深度)RDM(最大扎根深度)4.3气象参数与调整(Excel中运算，具体不清楚之处，请教李贺丽)日最低气温（℃）：MIN(0时：23时)WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！6日最高气温（℃）：MAX(0时：23时)太阳辐射强度（kJ/m2·d）：日总辐射量=RS3600/1000白天，其中，RS为每时总辐射平均(单位：W/m2)，1小时为3600s。水汽压（kPa）：每日早晨8时的水汽压作为早晨的水汽压。8时的水汽压公式：17.278273.388a=0.611100TTRHee，其中ea为实际水汽压（kPa），RH8为每日8时的相对湿度（%），8T为每日8时温度。平均风速（m/s）：每日四个时间的定时数据02、08、14、20时的风速的和WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！7/4(来自中国气象论坛)，而由于我们已有一天24个小时的风速，所以可以更精确的用24个小时的平均得出。降水量（mm/d）：日降水量=24H每时降水量WOFOST小结仅作参考，理解不对之处，请指正！85WOFOST7.1.2软件介绍【注：文中数字对应图中数字】5.1开始界面(General)1选择输出的产量模拟模型：Potentialcropgrowth、water-limit