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能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司1PresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sSpeechatTsingHuaUniversityOneofthesaddestfactsaboutmycountryisthatthereareasignificantnumberoffourthgradestudentswhocannotreadatgradelevel.Imagineachildwhocan'treadinthefourthgradeisachildthat'snotgoingtobeabletoreadintheeighthgrade.Andifthechildcan'treadintheeighthgrade,it'slikelythatchild'snotgoingtobeabletoreadsufficientlywhentheygetoutofhighschool,andthereforewon'tbeabletogotocollege.It'sashameinAmericathatthat'sthecase.－PresidentGeorgeW.Bush能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司2Howfararewefromarealsolution?When15,000readingteachersandeducationprofessorsgatheredlastweekagainstthebackdropoftheincreasinglypoliticizeddebateoverreadinginstruction,therewaslittleconsensusaboutthecrucialissueofthebestwaytoteachchildrentoread.Forthemostpart,though,thehundredsofseminarsandlecturesofferedlastweekfocusedonhowreadingteacherscoulddotheirjobsbetter.Virtuallyallthepresentationsdrewstanding-room-onlyaudiences,underscoringthefactthat40percentofthenation'sthird-graderscannotreadindependentlyandthatnoeducatorhasquitefiguredouthowtosolvetheproblem.Copyright1997TheNewYorkTimesCompany能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司3PhonologicalProcessing&OtherLanguageSkillsThisfindingconvergeswithotherevidenceinsuggestingthatwhereasthephonologicalcomponentofthelanguagesystemisimpairedindyslexia,thehigher-levelcomponentsremainintact.Linguisticprocessesinvolvedinwordmeaning,grammaranddiscourse--what,collectively,underliescomprehension--seemtobefullyoperational,buttheiractivityisblockedbythedeficitinthelower-orderfunctionofphonologicalprocessing.－bySallyE.Shaywitz能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司4Dyslexia-aTechniqueorAbilityProblem?Inoneofourstudies,Jennifer,averybrightyoungwomanwithareadingdisability,toldusallaboutthewordapocalypse.Sheknewitsmeaning,itsconnotationsanditscorrectusage;shecouldnot,however,recognizethewordonaprintedpage.Becauseshecouldnotdecodeandidentifythewrittenword,shecouldnotaccessherfundofknowledgeaboutitsmeaningwhenshecameacrossitinreading.－bySallyE.Shaywitz能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司5MapSoundsonLettersREIDLYON:Thesoundstructurethatisdifficultfortheyoungsters,thatshouldhelpkidsunderstandthatwordsaremadeofsoundareunderactivated.Thetaskoftheteacheristomakesuretheyoungstersdevelopthatsoundcapabilitysothattheycanthenmapthesoundsonthelettersthattheysee.PHILPONCE:Sotheycanmakeaconnectionbetweenwhattheyhearandwhattheyseeonthewrittenpage.bySallyE.Shaywitz能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司6PhonemesorPhoneticUnits?Beforewordscanbeidentified,understood,storedinmemoryorretrievedfromit,theymustfirstbebrokendown,orparsed,intotheirphoneticunitsbythephonologicalmoduleofthebrain.bySallyE.Shaywitz能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司7TheInternalPhonologicalStructureofSpokenWordsThetaskofthereaderistotransformthevisualperceptsofalphabeticscriptintolinguisticones--thatis,torecodegraphemes(letters)intotheircorrespondingphonemes.Toaccomplishthis,thebeginningreadermustfirstcometoaconsciousawarenessoftheinternalphonologicalstructureofspokenwords.Thenheorshemustrealizethattheorthography--thesequenceoflettersonthepage--representsthisphonology.Thatispreciselywhathappenswhenachildlearnstoread.bySallyE.Shaywitz能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司8Does“OrthographicCipher”exist?Inanalphabeticlanguage,suchameansisaffordedbyknowledgeoftheletter-soundcorrespondencesofthelanguage,orwhatwecallitsorthographiccipher.”PhilipB.Gough&ConnieJuel能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司9CurrentResearchOntheCipher“Thenatureofthecipherisafascinatingtheoreticalquestion.Wedonotknowwhatitis,butwedoknowhowtomeasureit:thechild’smasteryofthecipherisdirectlyreflectedinhisabilitytopronouncepseudowords…weargue,then,thatthecipherisnottaught,rather,itmustbediscovered.”PhilipB.Gough&ConnieJuel能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司10TheSignificanceoftheCipherWehaveevidencethatchildrenwhohavemasteredthecipherinthefirstgradewillbesuccessfulreadersbythetimetheyreachthefourth,whilethosewhohavenotmasteredthecipherremainpoor3yearslater.PhilipB.Gough&ConnieJuel能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司11TheSignificanceoftheCipherOurresearch,likethatofmanyothers,suggeststhatphonemicawarenessisthekeytothetransition.Itisanecessarycondition,butnotasufficientone;itunlocksthedoor,butdoesnotopenit.Forthat,thechildmustmasterthecipher.Thechildmustdiscoverwhatletterscorrespondinwhatwaytowhatphonemes.Giventhathedoesso,hewillreadwordsinanewway.PhilipB.Gough&ConnieJuel能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司12SoundawordOut?Afterchildrenhavelearnedtwoorthreesoundspellingcorrespondences,beginteachingthemhowtoblendthesoundsintowords.Showthemhowtomovesequentiallyfromlefttorightthroughspellingsastheysoundout,orsaythesoundforeachspelling.BonitaBonitaGrossen能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司13代表44个基本音的字母和字母组合–10%f-a-m-i-l-yp-r-a-c-t-i-c-a-lm-e-d-i-t-a-t-eSoundawordout?能动英语DynamicEnglish北京能动时代教育科技有限公司14TheWrongWaytoDecodeWords!Aswehavenotedelsewhere,neitherthebeginneroranyotherreader,nomatterhowskilled,canrecoverwordsfromprintonaletter-by-letterbasis.IsabelleLiberman&DonaldShankweiler能动英语DynamicEng