Unit-3-Cultural-Diversity

ChapterThree:CulturalDiversityTeachingObjectives1.Understandwhatvaluesare2.ComparedifferentculturalvaluesChapterThree:CulturalDiversityKeyPointsWesternCulturalValuesandChineseCulturalValues•ComparisonofCulturalPatternsIceberg服饰、音乐、语言、招呼语、饮食、闲暇活动、手势、礼仪、文学时间观念、对空间的利用、成就感、交际模式、对环境的看法、上下级关系模式、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、对规章制度的需要、谦虚的观念、家庭观念、对宇宙的看法、法律观念、工作的积极性、对领导的看法、社会交往的频率、友谊的性质、控制情感的模式，等等。Chapter3CulturalDiversity•Focus:•Itisthisdeepstructurethatunifiesandmakeseachcultureunique.•Itisthissmallcthatplaysanessentialpartininterculturalcommunication,andsoitisthefocusofthisbook.Unit3CulturalDiversityReadingIDifferentLands,DifferentFriendshipsFriendshipinAmerica…(p.77)maybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring…awiderangeofrelationships.FriendshipinFrance…(p.78)isofthesamesex,basicallyarelationshipbetweenmen……relationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellect,temperamentandparticularinterests.ReadingIDifferentLands,DifferentFriendships•Friendshipheightensthesenseofeachperson’sindividuality.•FriendshipinGermany(p.79)isarticulatelyamatteroffeeling.•Whatisfriendship?Commonelements?(p.80)•1.Freedomofchoice•2.Beingaspecialindividual•3.Equalityofgive-and-takeCulturalInformation:AmericanFriendship•TipsformakingfriendswithAmericans:(p.81)•(Homework:TipsformakingfriendswithChinese)IdentifyingDifference:FamilyStructure•Familystructuresandtheirinherentrelationshipsandobligations(values)•InAsia•TraditionalChinese…(p.83)•Filipinos…(p.84)•Vietnamese…•TraditionalJapanesefamilies…•TraditionalLatinAmericans…•U.S.mainstreamculture•Conclusion(p.84)Homework•1.ReadingII:ComparingandContrastingCultures(pp.85-89)•2.KeyprinciplesofConfucianteaching(pp.91-93)•3.InterculturalInsight(p.95)ReadingIIComparingandContrastingCultures3.2ToolsforComparingCulturalValues:•Tomakesomeculturalcomparison:–Kluckhohn’sValueOrientations–Hofstede’sfourdimensionsofculturalvalues(p.99)–Hall’sHigh-ContextandLow-ContextOrientation(p.110)•Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,rightandbeautifulthatunderlieculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment.•Thesignificanceofvalues:avaluesystemrepresentswhatisexpectedorhopedfor,requiredorforbidden.•Valuesareenduringattitudesaboutthepreferabilityofonebeliefoveranother.•Valuesareculturallydefinedstandsofdesirability,goodness,andbeautythatserveasbroadguidelinesforsocialliving.3.2InstrumentsComparingCulturalValues•3.1Kluckhohn’sValueOrientations:p.85•Thenatureofhumanbeings•Humansaregood.•Humansareevil.•Humansareamixtureofgoodandevil.HumanandNature•Peoplemasternature.•Peopleliveinharmonywithnature.•Peoplearesubjugatedbynature.Peoplemasternature•Humansareseparatedfromnature.•Natureisviewedassomethingtobemanipulatedandcontrolledinordertomakehumanlifebetter,especiallyinhighly-developedcountries.•People’sbeliefisthatdisease,poverty,adversityandevendeathcanbeovercome,oratleastpostponedbyselectingtherightcoursesofaction.Peopleliveinharmonywithnature•Humansareconsideredtobeanintegralpartofnature.(“天人合一”)•Peopleshouldcooperatewithnaturetoprotectandimprovenature’sproducts.•Eg.Chinese,Indians,Africansetc.Peoplearesubjugatedbynature•Peoplehavelittlepowertocontrolthecircumstancesthatinfluencetheirlives.•Peoplecannotacquirefromnature.Theyshouldwaitforthegiftsofnature.Activityorientation•Itsuggeststhepaceoflife.(pacegovernedbyclocksvs.morerelaxedandcomfortablepace)•Itisalsorelatedtohowpeoplemeasuretheirsuccess:–In“doing”cultures,activityisevaluatedbyitsexternalproductsandotherfinaloutcome.–In“being”or“self-developing”cultures,theprocessofstrivingtowardthegoalisfarmoreimportantthanaccomplishingit.(“没有功劳有苦劳”)Socialrelationsorientation•Describeshowthepeopleinacultureorganizethemselvesandrelatetooneanother.•Equality:–“Everyoneisbornequal.”–Regardlessoffamilyposition,peoplecanachievesuccessandhighstatusthrougheffortsoftheirown.•Hierarchy–Somepeopleenjoymorepower,someless.–Socialandeconomicclasspredetermineaperson’sopportunitiesinlife.Individualism--Collectivism•Describesthedegreetowhichaculturereliesontheselforthegroup•IDV(IndividualismIndex)–HighIDVculturesarehighlyindividualisticandbelievethatpeopleshouldtakecareofthemselvesonly.Decisionsarebasedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notthegroup.–LowIDVculturespreferacollectivistorientationandrequireanabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.Thegroupsthatapersonbelongstoarethemostimportantsocialunits.Individualism---Collectivism•ThegreatestdifferenceinvaluesystemsbetweentheEastandtheWestIndividualism--Collectivism•Independentvs.interdependent(eg.Attitudestowardselderlypeople,kids,friends,patients,guestsandsoon.)•Individual-centeredvs.group-centered(eg.Receivingcompliments;titles;askingquestionsinclassroom;takebackseatsinmeetings;)•one’sownfacevs.others’face(eg.Indirectwayofcriticismetc.)•Privacyvs.intimacy(eg.Relationshipbetweenneighbors)Individualism--collectivism•Individualityvs.generality(eg.Fashions;gravestoneinKonglinetc.)•Competitionvs.harmony(eg.“与世无争”;Americanpresidentialelection)•Individualinterestvs.groupinterest(eg.Whoishero?)Hofstede’sFourDimensionsofCulturalValues•I