English-literature-IV-17世纪英国文学

EnglishLiteraturein17thcenturyEnglishLiteratureinthe17thcenturyKeyPointsinthe17thC.LiteratureThe17thCentury:ABriefIntroductionJohnDonne•Introduction•WorksJohnMilton•Introduction•WorksJohnDryden•Introduction•WorksJohnBunyan•Introduction•WorksBackgroundKnowledgeBackgroundKnowledgeBackgroundKnowledgeElizabethI（1533－1603)TheVirginQueen“童贞女王”Elizabeth’sHeadacheWhenElizabethbecamequeen,sheneededtostraightthreethings:Religion,security,andgettingmarried.JamesIofEnglandTheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionTheWeakeningoftheTieMonarchyBourgeoisieinterestsincommon—harmony—cooperationstrovetoconsolidateitspositionQueenElizabethParliamentceasedtodependupontheprotectionoftheMonarchyJamesI,CharlesIBackgroundKnowledgeTudordynasty(1485-1603)都铎王朝TheHouseofStuart(1603-1649)(1660-1714)斯图亚特王朝ParliamentdeclaredmonopolieswereillegalCharles1stdissolveditin1629CivilWar:1642-1649Charles1stwaskilledBourgeoisdictatorship(1649-1660)CromwellRestoration(1660-1688)CharlesIIandJamesIIGloriousRevolution(1688)William,PrinceofOrange,fromHolland,Mary’shusband(MaryisthedaughterofJames2nd)Mary(1688-1694)William(1694-1702)Annie(1702-1714)James1(1603-1625)Charles1(1625-1649)FrenchPrincess:MaryCharles(1st,die)Charles2(1660-1685)MaryJames2(youngest)(1685-1688)6illegalchildrenWilliamfromHolland(1694-1702)Mary(1688-1694)JamesAnne(1702-1714)Representatives:JohnMiltonJohnBunyanJohnDonneSomeprose-writersJohnDrydenthePuritanpoets清教徒派诗人theMetaphysicalpoets玄学派诗人theCavalierpoets保皇派诗人Ifeveramanaskedforeverybadthingthatcametohim,thatmanhasgottobeKingCharlesI,JamesI’sson.Hewasarrogant,untrustworthy,and,aboveall,utterlyblindtotherealityofwhathewasupagainst.(HebecamekingonlybecausehiselderbrotherHenrydiedunexpectedly.)JamesIhadleftaverytrickypoliticalandreligioussituationtohissuccessor.Charlesmadeitawholelotworse.TheparliamentcomplainedandtriedtorestrictCharlesI’spower,theKingwasunhappy.AndtheleadingfigureinParliamentbitterlyattackedthechangesCharleswasmakingtothechurchsincetheKinghadgettingtoughwithPuritansalways.SoCharlessenthismessengerdowntotheHouseofCommonstodissolve(dismiss)it.CharlescalledupParliamentagainafterhavingdissolveditelevenyearsearlier.Youcan’tfightawarwithoutmoney,andCharlessimplydidn’thaveenough.Thistaxwassupposedtopayforafleettoprotectthecoast.Anditraisedalotofmoney.ButthenfolkdiscoveredthatCharleswasusingthemoneytosupporttheCatholicSpanishagainsttheProtestantDutch,sotheEnglishstoppedpayingit.TheleadersoftheParliamentsaidthatCharleswouldhavetoletParliamenttakeover,butmarchedintotheHouseofCommonswithatroopofsoldierstoarrestthem.Parliamentresistedhim.TheresultwasCivilWar.ParliamentcompletelyreorganizeditsanditwasthisnewlArmyunderCromwellandSirThomasFairfaxthatfinallydefeatedCharlesattheBattleofNaseby.Theunthinkablehadhappened:TheKinghadlostthewar.Parliamentputthekingontrial.Thisactshowedthatthepeople,nottheking,weresovereign.CharlesIrefusedtorecognizethatthecourtwasinanywaylegalandsatindignifiedsilencethroughoutthetrial.Doingsodidn’tsavehim.ThecourtfoundCharlesguiltyoftreason,andCromwellhimselfsignedthedeathwarrant.OnacoldJanuarymorningin1649,CharlesIsteppedoutofthewindowofhisfather’sgreatBanquetingHouseinWhitehallontoascaffoldandlaidhisheadontheblock.Aterriblegroanwasheardastheaxecamedown,andpeoplerushedforwardtodiptheirhandkerchiefsinhisblood–weretheyafteraholyrelic,orjustasouvenir?OliverCromwellwasaPuritanandagentlemanlandownerfromHuntingdon.Hewasn’tallthatprominentuntilheprovedasuperbcavalrycommanderintheCivilWar.CromwelltraineduptheNewModelArmyandfromthenonhewasrightatthecentreofevents.TheScotswereoutragedthattheEnglishhadexecutedtheirking(CharlesIwasKingofScotlandtoo,don’tforget).So,toteachtheEnglishalesson,theScotsdefiantlycrownedCharlesI’ssonasKingCharlesIIinEdinburgh.ThatactionbroughtCromwellchargingnorthwithanarmy.HedefeatedtheScots.CharlesII,whowasnofool,hadtorunforhislife.InEngland,OliverCromwelltookcharge.ParliamentabolishedthemonarchyandtheHouseofLords.HenceforthEnglandwasacommonwealth–arepublic.CromwellwenttowarwithHollandandSpainandbeatthemboth;heunifiedScotlandandEnglandintoonecountrywithoneParliament,whichgavetheScotsfreeaccesstoEnglishmarkets;andaboveall,hekeptthepeace.CromwellsawtheCatholicIrishasdangeroussavages,servingareligionhebelievedtobetheworkofthedevil.In1649hecameovertoIreland,tookit,andmassacredeveryonetheycouldfind.IrelandtookcenturiestorecoverCromwelldiedin1658.HissonRichardbecameLordProtectorbuthewastooweak,andhecouldn’tcontrolthearmy.OverintheNetherlands,CharlesIIannouncedthatiftheEnglishtookhimbackhe’dofferafreepardon,freedomofreligion,andhe’dpaythearmy.AnofficercalledGeneralMonckdecidedthiswastoogoodanoffertomiss.HemarcheddowntoLondonfromScotlandwithanarmy,gotanewParliamenttogether,andpersuadedittotakeCharlesIIuponhisoffer.Theyinvitedhimtocomehomeandhecame.TheycalledthiseventtheRestoration.CharlesIICharlesIIcomestoEnglandWildcheeringbrokeoutwhenCharlesIIcamehome.Suddenlyeveryonehadbeenasecretroyalistallalong,ButheneverreallytrustedParliament,butCharleshadtogrithisteethandbidedhisti