2-cultural-diversity

Session2CulturalDiversityRightattitudeinglobalvillageWearealike,WearedifferentAppreciatesimilarities,AcceptdifferencesWarm-up:Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,anddiscusswithyourpartner:whatdotheymeantoyou?Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.----ConfuciansayingOneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.----EnglishproverbGodgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklife…Theyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.----R.BenedictWhyisoneculturedifferentfromanother?OnthesurfacePerception(howwesensetheworld)Belief(whatwebelieveastrue)Value(asystemofcriteriaknownasrulesandguideposts)Whyisoneculturedifferentfromanother?MoredeeplyWorldview(religion)-Spiritualandpsychologicalneedsofpeople(lifeanddeath,creationofuniverse,relationshipbetweenhumansandnature)-Socialaspectsofaculture(originofsocietyandgroupswithinthesociety,relationshipofindividualsandgroupstooneanother)Family(genderroles,individualism-collectivism,age,socialskills)History(government,community,politicalsystem,keyhistoricalheroes,geography)Whatdowerefertobyculturaldiversity?Culturalpatterns-conditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld-themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworldSomecautions1.Thevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithinthatculture.2.Itisusefultovisualizeeachculturalpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses.3.Thepatternsareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation.4.Commonculturalpatternsmustbelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry.SignificanceofstudyingculturaldiversitiesWhenwestudyculturaldifferences,wemainlyrefertothedeepstructureofculture(belowtheiceberg)Althoughcultureissubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureisresistanttochange.Thecomparisonandcontrastofdifferentcultureshelpunderstandone’sowncultureandothercultures,whichwillultimatelyenhancetheeffectofinterculturalcommunication.Question:Howcanwecompareoneculturewithanothertofindouttheirsimilaritiesanddifferences?Let’shaveatry!1.ModelbyKluckhohn5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture:1)Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?2)Whatistherelationofmantonature?3)Whatisthetemporalfocus?4)Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?5)Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship?1)=Humannatureorientation2)=Man-natureorientation3)=Timeorientation4)=Activityorientation5)=SocialorientationCanyougiveexamplestoeachtype?1)HumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGood2)RelationshipofMantoNatureNaturecontrolshumansManinHarmonyWithNatureMantheMasterofNature3)SenseofTimePast-orientedPresent-orientedFuture-oriented4)ActivityBEING(stressonwhoyouare)Growing(stressonself-development)Doing(stressonwhatyouaredoing)5)SocialRelationshipHierarchyGroup-orientedIndividualorientationChinesevaluesWesternvalues1)HumanNatureBasicallygoodMixtureofGoodandEvil2)RelationshipofMantoNatureHarmonywithnatureHumanscontrolNature3)SenseofTimePastorientationFutureorientation4)ActivityBEING(whoyouare)Doing(whatyouaredoing)5)SocialRelationshipHierarchyindividualLimitationsofKluckhohn’smodelNoteveryoneinaculturehasthesamebasicvalues.Cultureschangeovertime.TheconceptofbasicvaluesisitselfageneralizationCasestudyDuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard–infactitwasnotatallnecessarytomovethewood.Whentheyoungmanleft,thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.Seeingallthis,thefarmer’ssonwasconfused.1.Whydidthefarmerdothat?2.Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?Casestudy:alettertoacolumnistDearMary,WeworkinthetypingpoolofalargeLondonstoreandareveryconcernedforthewelfareofoneofouryoungcolleagues.Sheisonly19,unmarried,andhasbecomeveryfriendlywithayoungmanwhoworksinoneofthedepartmentsofthestore.Hepopsintothetypingpooltoseeherandtheyholdhands,whisper,andactasifwearenotthere.Weknowthatheisengagedtoagirlwholivesnearhim.Wefeelfortheprotectionofthegirl,thatweshouldcomplaintothegeneralmanager.Butwewouldn’tlikeanybodytogetthesack.fourworriedtypistsTheanswerfromthecolumnist:Myadviceissimple–mindyourownbusiness.Thegirlisoldenoughtoknowwhatsheisdoing.Whatvaluescanweseebehindtheletterandtheanswer?WritingassignmentWhenyoucompareyourvaluestothoseofyourparentsorgrandparentsdoyouseeevidencethatChinesevaluesarechanging?Whatarethoseevidences?Ifyouexpecttoincreaseingoodnessasyougothroughlife,whatarethemoraldangersyouface?Howwillyouovercomethem?2.ModelbyG.Hofstede(1984)Hofstede’sworkwasoneoftheearliestattemptstouseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvalues.Duringthe1980s,hesurveyedoverahundredthousandworkersinmultinationalorganizationsinfortycountries.Eachcountrywasassignedarankofonethroughfortyineachcategory,dependingonhowitcomparedtotheothercountry.Hofstede’sFourCulturalValueSystemindividualism-collectivismuncertainty-avoidancepowerdistancemasculinity-femininity2.1Individualismvs.CollectivismIndividualisticcultures•“I”consciousness•independence,•competition,•negativefaceneedCollectivist