我国农村贫困的变化与扶贫政策取向ChangingSituationofRuralPovertyandOrientationofRuralPovertyReductionPolicyinChina苗齐钟甫宁MiaoQiandZhongFuning南京农业大学经济管理学院CollegeofEconomics&Management,NAU2006年5月23-24日May23-24,2006成就和挑战AchievementandChallenges1978-2005年贫困发生率从30.7%下降到2.5%(2.5亿减少到2365万)Povertyincidencereducedfrom30.7%to2.5%between1978and2005(250millionsdownto23.65millions)贫困群体依然庞大;消除贫困难度加大;贫困群体弱势地位突出Stillalargenumberofthepoor;povertyeradicationmoredifficult;disadvantageouspositionprominent----刘坚LiuJian提纲Outline一、贫困测度及其对扶贫政策的影响MeasurementandItsImpact二、中国农村扶贫政策及其效果PovertyReductioninRuralChina三、对农村扶贫政策的讨论和建议DiscussionsandSuggestionsI.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.1测度方法Measurements贫困发生率PovertyIncidence贫困深度指数PovertyDepth贫困强度指数PovertySeveritynHCP1nzHCPi12nzHCPi231I.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.2不同测度的结果DifferentEffectswithMeasurements图1收入分布变化对贫困测度的影响Figure1ImpactofChangingIncomeDistributiononPovertyMeasuringPopulation%PovertylinePercapitaincome50%ofpovertyline60%ofpovertylineIncomedistributioncurve1Incomedistributioncurve240%50%I.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.2不同测度的结果DifferentEffectswithMeasurements扶贫以前扶贫以后变化BeforeAfterChange贫困发生率PovertyIncidence0.50.4-20%贫困深度指数PovertyDepth0.250.2-20%贫困强度指数PovertySeverity0.08330.0533-36%I.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.3政策选择(I、II)PolicyOptions(I&II)图2不同政策选择对贫困测度的影响(一)Figure2ImpactofDifferentPolicyOptionsonPovertyMeasuring(I)Population%Povertyline50%ofpovertyline68%ofpovertylineIncomedistributioncurvePolicyoption132%50%Policyoption2PercapitaincomeI.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.3政策选择(III、IV)PolicyOptions(III&IV)图3不同政策选择对贫困测度的影响(二)Figure2ImpactofDifferentPolicyOptionsonPovertyMeasuring(II)Population%PovertylinePercapitaincome50%poverty80%povertyIncomedistributioncurve30%50%20%ABCDEGFSDEFindicatesoption3,publicresourcesallocatedtothelesspoor;SBGCindicatesoption4,publicresourcesallocatedtothemostpoorI.贫困测度及其影响MeasurementandItsImpact1.4不同选择的结果OutcomesofDifferentOptionsTable1EffectsofDifferentPovertyReductionPoliciesStandardComparisonvaluePolicyoption1Policyoption2Policyoption3Policyoption4valueΔ%valueΔ%valueΔ%valueΔ%P10.40.32-200.5+250.2-500.5+25P20.20.25+200.16-200.4+1000.16-20P30.0530.13+1450.0341-320.208+2930.029-45II.中国扶贫政策及其效果PovertyReductionandEffectsinChina2.1贫困状况的变化ChangingPovertyStatus表2不同年份与收入组别的人口比重(元,%)Table2ProportionofPopulationinDifferentIncomeGroups(Yuan,%)1985年1990年1995年2000年2004年收入(元)比重(%)收入(元)比重(%)收入(元)比重(%)收入(元)比重(%)收入(元)比重(%)610.3340.21320.31300.41000.9561-1211.7834-690.3632-640.2030-610.1369-1030.7864-960.4361-910.21103-1371.4796-1270.6991-1210.31100-20011.2121-1826.56137-1722.3127-1591.01121-1510.53159-1911.37151-1820.85200-30025.64182-24212.04172-2759.54191-2554.44182-2422.43注:1985年农村居民消费价格指数=100。1985ruralconsumerpriceindex=100II.中国扶贫政策及其效果PovertyReductionandEffectsinChina2.2对效果的不同评价DifferentAssessments图41985年以来我国农村不同收入组人口比重的变化Figure4ChangingIncomeDistributionofthePoor010020030005101520人口比重(%)收入(元)19851990199520002004206元贫困线II.中国扶贫政策及其效果PovertyReductionandEffectsinChina2.2对效果的不同评价DifferentAssessments表31985年以来我国农村扶贫效果的评价Table3EffectsofPovertyreductioninChinasince198519852004P113.69%3.41%P227.66%33.95%P311.77%86.78%II.中国扶贫政策及其效果PovertyReductionandEffectsinChina2.3对效果的不同评价DifferentAssessments中国的实际情况很接近第一种政策选择的结果,即贫困发生率大幅度下降,但剩余贫困人口的平均收入反而减少,同时贫困人口内部收入差距明显扩大TheactualsituationinChinaisveryclosetotheoutcomeofPolicyOption1,i.e.,whilethepovertyincidencedecreasesdramatically,thepovertydepthisdeepeningandthepovertyseverityisgettingmuchworse.III.对中国农村扶贫政策的讨论与建议DiscussionsandSuggestions3.1关于贫困线的标准PovertyLine不能简单划定全国统一的人均收入标准,必须考虑:1、地区差别,如维持基本生存必需的食品和非食品消费结构、价格水平;2、家庭差别,如家庭规模和年龄、性别结构;财产数量和种类;3、贫困原因,如长期贫困还是收入偶然低于贫困线Anationwidepercapitaincomelevelisnotagoodindicatorofpoverty,mustconsider:1.Regionaldifference,i.e.theamountandcompositionofbasicfoodandnon-foodrequired,andpricelevel;2.Householddifference,i.e.,thesizeofthehouseholdandtheageandgenderstructure;theamountandtypesofproperty;3.Causesofpoverty,i.e.,persistentorbychanceIII.对中国农村扶贫政策的讨论与建议DiscussionsandSuggestions3.2关于贫困线的水平LevelofPovertyLine法定贫困线的确定需要考虑预算约束和政策目标。如果预算不能大幅度增加,同时又以贫困发生率的下降速度作为考核扶贫政策的标准,贫困线定得越高,最贫困的人口越容易被忽略。Settingtheofficialpovertylineshouldtakeintoconsiderationthebudgetconstraintandthecriteriainevaluationofpovertyreductionpolicy.Ifbudgetisgiven,andthedeclineofpovertyincidenceistheonlycriteriainevaluation,thehighertheofficialpovertylineisset,themorelikelythatthepoorestisbeingneglected.III.对中国农村扶贫政策的讨论与建议DiscussionsandSuggestions3.3关于扶贫政策的考核EvaluationofPovertyReductionPolicy不能单纯考核贫困发生率,必须同时考核贫困深度和贫困强度指标,确保最贫困人口作为扶贫工作的重点目标Povertyreductionpolicyshouldnotbeevaluatedbypovertyincidencealone;povertydepthandpovertyseverityindicesmustbeusedinevaluation,inordertoguaranteethatthepoorestpopulationisalwaysthecentralfocusofpovertyreductionpolicyandmeasures.谢谢各位!