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四川理工学院毕业设计（论文）I摘要超导材料作为一种新型的材料以其优异的特性向人类展示着其巨大的应用前景。超导技术作为一种新型的技术也越来越广泛地被人类应用到各个领域。本文介绍了超导的发现及发展历史、超导的形成机理（BCS理论以及高温超导理论的几种猜想）、高温超导材料的探究发现以及超导技术的应用。超导技术的应用有着巨大的潜力和发展前景。随着人类对超导认识的增加人类也越来越重视超导材料的开发和超导技术的应用以及对高温超导理论的研究。在新型超导材料探索方面主要有：有机聚合物,二硼化镁，碳60，碳70等。在超导技术的应用方面主要有：超导电缆、超导变压器、超导限流器、超导SIS混频接收器以及超导磁悬浮列车等。关键词:超导电性；BCS理论；超导材料；超导应用ABSTRACTIIABSTRACTSuperconductingmaterialsasanewtypeofmaterialshowsagreatapplicationprospectforitsexcellentcharacteristics.And,superconductingtechnologyasanewtypeoftechnologyisalsousedmoreandmorewidelyinvariousfields.Theaticlemainlyintroduces:thefirstisthehistoryofdevelopmentsofsuperconductinganditsdiscovery,thesecondistheformationmechanismofthesuperconducting(thetheoryofBCSandseveralguessestothetheoryofhightemperaturesuperconducting),thethirdistheexplorationanddiscoveryofthehightemperaturesuperconductingmaterialsandtheapplicationofthesuperconductingtechnology.Theapplicationofthesuperconductingtechnologyownshugepotentialandthedevelopmentoftheprospect.Alongwiththeknowledgeofsuperconductingincreasing,weshouldpaymoreandmoreattentiontothedevelopmentofthesuperconductingmaterialsandtheapplicationofthesuperconductingtechnologyandthetheoryofhightemperaturesuperconducting.Intheaspectofsuperconductorexplorationmainlycontainsorganicpolymer,twomgb2,carbon60,carbon70andetc.Intheaspectoftheapplicationofsuperconductingtechnologyismainlycontainssuperconductingcables,superconductingtransformer,superconductingfaultcurrentlimiter,superconductingSISfrequencymixingreceiverandsuperconductingmaglevtrain,andetc.Keywords:Superconductivity;thetheoryofBCS;Superconductingmaterial;theapplicationofsuperconductingtechnology四川理工学院毕业设计（论文）III目录摘要...........................................................................................................................................IABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................II目录........................................................................................................................................III第一章前言............................................................................................................................1第二章超导发展历程..............................................................................................................32.1超导的发现.................................................................................................................32.1.1超导物理之父—海克·卡末林·昂内斯.........................................................32.1.2液化氦气成功为超导的发现奠定基础..........................................................32.1.3首次发现超导..................................................................................................42.1.4零电阻效应的证实..........................................................................................42.2超导技术的发展历程.................................................................................................52.2.1BCS理论的发现与证实...................................................................................52.2.2高温超导材料的发展......................................................................................6第三章超导微观机制..............................................................................................................73.1超导特性.....................................................................................................................73.1.1零电阻效应......................................................................................................73.1.2迈斯纳效应......................................................................................................73.1.3约瑟夫森效应..................................................................................................83.2超导的三个临界参量.................................................................................................93.2.1超导材料的临界温度......................................................................................93.2.2超导材料的临界磁场....................................................................................113.2.3超导材料的临界电流....................................................................................113.3低温超导的微观机制...............................................................................................123.3.1二流体模型....................................................................................................123.3.2同位素效应....................................................................................................123.3.3库珀对............................................................................................................133.3.4BCS理论.........................................................................................................143.3.5伦敦方程........................................................................................................16目录IV3.4高温超导体...............................................................................................................163.4.1高温超导体材料特性..................................................