语言与应用语言学-作业01

第1页（共3页）Assignment01for“LanguageandLinguistics”（Units1-3）AnswerSheet语言与语言学作业01（第1-3单元）答题纸学籍号：姓名：分数：学习中心：专业：___________Thetotalmarksforthisassignmentare100points.Timeallowedforcompletingthisassignmentis1hour(60minutes).PLEASEWRITEALLYOURANSWERSONTHEANSWERSHEET1.AnalysisandApplication[60points]Step1:Hituponanidea(Ifwewanttotellsomebodysomethingorwritesomethingtosomebody,firstwehavetohaveanidea.Itismainlyakindofmentalprocess.Weformaplaninourmindsothatwecanwriteitdownorspeakitoutormakeothersunderstandwithourbodygestures.Step2:Speakouttheideaorwriteitdownormakegesturesforotherunderstand(Inthefirststepwehaveanidea,secondifwewanttomakeothersknowandunderstandourideas,wehavetomaketheideadisplayed.Sointhisstepwehavetospeakitoutorwriteitdown,ormakegesturestomakeothersseewithadescriptionsymbol,whichcalledwords.Step3:Makeideasentout(Onlythesoundorwordsorgestureswithourideabesentout,theideadestinationcanbereached.Soundhumansmaketravelsviaairtotheears第2页（共3页）ofthefinalpersons.Nowweevenhavetelephone,speechengineersetc.sowedon’thavetoworryaboutthis.Forwritingwords,wehavefaxandemailwhichhelpsussendourideas.Step4:Gettheidea.(Ifthefirstthreestepsarecomplete,thefourthcanbereached.Ourspeechorideadestinationcangettheidearight.Theycanreadthewordsfromanemailorhearthewordsonphone,ortheycanseethegesturesandgetthemeaningofitbythegesturesymbol.ShortAnswerQuestions[40points]2.1)Airproduction,alsocalledinitiation;Firstwehaveairingressiveandegressive;2)Phonation,wehaveorgantovibrate.PhonationmeansthatwemakeOurAdam’sApplevibrateinordertoproduceaudiblesounds.3)Articulator,activeandpassivearticulatortomakethesound;4)Commonfeatures,whenEnglishisuttered,withthisthesoundscanbeEnglishsounds.Therearealsootherfeaturesbelongtothespeakers.3．Therearetwocategories:(1)phonologicalwritings;and(2)non-phonologicalwritingsPhonologicalwritingsrefertothosewritingsystemsthathaveacloseconnectionwiththewaylanguagesarepronounced.Englishhasaphonologicalwriting,althoughitisaverypooroneinthesensethatinmanycasesthespellingofaworddoesnotmatchthesoundoftheword.Non-phonologicalwritingsrefertothosewritingsthathavelittleconnectionwiththewaylanguagesarepronounced.Chineseisagoodexampleofsuchawritingsystem.AsweallknowChinesecharactersdonotshowyouhowtheyare第3页（共3页）pronounced.WeneedanextrasoundsystemsuchasHanYuPinYinFangAntotellushowtopronouncethecharacters.4．Firstwehaveamaterialworld.Thisisaphysicalandtangibleworld.Wecanseeandfeelit.Forexample,wehaveTian’anmensquareinBeijing.Wecanseeitanditdoesexistthere.Secondwehaveasubjectiveworld.Itconsistsoffeelings,altitudes,beliefsandvaluesetc.Itisinsideusandcannotbeseenbyothersunlessweexpressthemwithwords.Thirdwehaveasymbolicworld.Thewordsinourbookaresymbolswhichtheyrepresentameaning.Manytales,storiesarealsosymbolic.Sowealsoliveinasymbolicworld.Inthisworldmaterialthingsdoesnotexist.5．Thelanguageisminebecauseitissaidbyme.Ithasthecharacteristicsofme.Itisthesoundofme,itthetoneofmeanditisspokenbyme.Thelanguageisnotminebecausethelanguageisnotanythingifitleavesthehumanspeakingenvironment.Languageispossessedbythewholehumancommunity.Itisusedbyeveryone,butitgoesbeyondthetotalsumofalltheusesputtogether.