International-Business-Law国际商法复习重点

Lecture1IntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLaw1.ClassificationofLawsAllthelawsintheworldcanbeclassifiedinto:1)Internationallaws2)Municipallaws2.WhatisInternationalLaw?Traditionally,InternationalLawisalsocalledtheLawofNationsorPublicInternationalLaw,anditdealswiththeinternationalrelationshipbetweenthestates.3.WhatisMunicipalLaw?Whereasinternationallawgovernsrelationsbetweenstates,institutions,andindividualsacrossnationalboundaries,municipallawgovernsthesesamepersons(includingtheprivateorcommercialconductofforeignstates)withintheboundariesofaparticularstate.Comparativelawyersclassifycountriesintolegalfamilies.ThetwomostwidelydistributedfamiliesaretheRomano-GermaniccivillawandtheAnglo-Americancommonlaw.4.WhatisInternationalBusinessLaw?Internationalbusinesslawisthebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedoutoutsidethelegalboundariesofstates.Inparticular,itregulatesthebusinesstransactionsofprivatepersonsinternationally,andtheinternationalrelationshipsofinternationalcommercialorganizations.Incomparisonwiththetraditionalinternationalbusinesslaw,contemporaryinternationalbusinesslawcoversmuchmoreextensively,suchaslawfortheinternationaltradingofgoods,companylaw,negotiableinstrumentlaw,maritimelaw,insurancelaw,lawofinternationaltechnologytransfer,industrialpropertylaw,internationalinvestmentlaw,internationalfinanciallaw,internationaltaxlaw,lawofinternationaldisputesettlement.《国际商法》（英文版）姜作利法律出版社5.SourcesofInternationalLawTreatiesandConventionsTreatiesarelegallybindingagreementsbetweentwoormorestates.Conventionsarelegallybindingagreementsbetweenstatessponsoredbyinternationalorganizations.CustomSomeruleshavebeenaroundforsuchalongtimeoraresogenerallyacceptedthattheyaredescribedascustomarylaw.GeneralPrinciplesandJusCogens6.SourcesofMunicipalLawConstitutionCode&LawsCourtJudgment7.PersonsinInternationalLawStatesStatesarepoliticalentitiesthathaveaterritory,apopulation,agovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations,andagobvernmentcapableofcontrollingitsterritoryandpeoples.InternationalOrganizationsAccordingtotheUnitedNationsCharter,therearetwokindsofinternationalorganizations:(1)publicorintergovernmentalorganizations(IGOs)and(2)privateornongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs).8.PersonsinMunicipalLawIndividual(NaturalPerson)LegalPerson9.TheRightsofIndividualsUnderInternationalLawInternationallawlooksuponindividualsintwodifferentways:(1)itignoresthemor(2)ittreatsthemasitssubjects.Thetraditionalviewistoignorethem.Thisisbasedontheideathatinternationallawappliesonlytostates.10.MunicipalLegalSystem–CivilLawSystemThecivillawsystemisthegeneraltypologyoflegalsystemsfoundinmostcountries.ItisanalternativetocommonlawsystemandhasitsrootsinRomanLaw.ItisemployedbyalmosteverycountrythatwasnotacolonyoftheBritishEmpire.Inmostjurisdictionsthecivillawiscodifiedintheformofacivilcodes,butinsome,likeScotlanditremainsuncodified.MostcodesfollowthetraditionofCodeNapoléoninsomefashion.Notably,theGermancodewasdevelopedfromRomanlawwithreferencetoGermanlegaltradition.Civillawreliesonlegislation,ratherthanjudicialdecisionsforlaw.Civillawsystemdonotrecognizejudge-madelaw.11.MunicipalLegalSystem–CommonLawSystemCommonlawisasystemoflawusedinEngland,allofthestatesoftheUnitedStates(exceptLouisiana)andotherformerBritishpossessionssuchasAustralia,Canada(exceptQuebec),India,Ireland,Jamaica,NewZealandandHongKong.TheCommonlawsystememphasizestheroleofjudgesindeterminingthemeaningoflawsandhowtheyapply.ItarosebeginningintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesastheEnglishmonarchappointedroyaljudgestoresolvedisputesinthenameoftheking(orqueen).Astherearelittleformallawtoapplytomanydisputes,thedecisionshandeddownbythejudgesliterallymadethelaw.12.ChineseLawTheLawofChina,formostofthehistoryofChina,wasrootedintheConfucianphilosophyofsocialcontrol.TheseinfluencesremaininthecontemporarylegalsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.PRChasbeeninfluencedbyanumberofsourcesincludingtraditionalChineseviewstowardtheroleoflaw,thePRC'ssocialistbackground,theGerman-basedlawinTaiwanProvince,andtheEnglish-basedcommonlawusedinHongKongSAR.ThelawoftheUnitedStateshasalsobeenveryinfluentialparticularlyintheareaofbankingandsecuritieslaw.Lecture2FormationoftheContract1.ContractBlack’sLawDictionarydefinesacontract“anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiescreatingobligationsthatareenforceableorotherwiserecognizableatlawabindingcontract.1)FormationoftheContract2)EnforceabilityoftheContract2.FormationoftheContract-OfferAcontractisformedwhenanoffertobuyorsellagoodisaccepted.TheOfferAnofferisaproposaladdressedtospecificpersonsindicatinganintentionbytheofferortobeboundtothesaleorpurfchaseofparticulargoodsforaprice.Requirements:DefinitenessAproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.SpecificOfferees3.InvitationtoOfferAninvitationtoofferorinvitationtotreatissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhich,itishoped,willleadtotheconclusionofacontractatalaterdate.4.Displayofgoodsforsaleinasupermar