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会计舞弊财务舞弊外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：BadawiIM.Globalcorporateaccountingfraudsandactionforreforms[J].ReviewofBusiness,2005,:26(:2).英文原文GlobalCorporateAccountingFraudsandActionforReformsIbrahimBadawiSt.John’sUniversityAbstractTherecentwaveofcorporatefraudulentfinancialreportinghaspromptedglobalactionsforreformsincorporategovernanceandfinancialreporting,bygovernmentsandaccountingandauditingstandard-settingbodiesintheU.S.andinternationally,includingtheEuropeanCommission;theInternationalFederationofAccountants;theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment;andothers,inordertorestoreinvestorconfidenceinfinancialreporting,theaccountingprofessionandglobalfinancialmarkets.IntroductionDuringtherecentseriesofcorporatefraudulentfinancialreportingincidentsintheU.S.,similarcorporatescandalsweredisclosedinseveralothercountries.Almostallcasesofforeigncorporateaccountingfraudswerecommittedbyentitiesthatconducttheirbusinessesinmorethanonecountry,andmostoftheseentitiesarealsolistedonU.S.stockexchanges.FollowingthelegislativeandregulatoryreformsofcorporateAmerica,resultingfromtheSarbanesOxleyActof2002,reformswerealsoinitiatedworldwide.Theprimarypurposeofthispaperistwofold:(1)toidentifytheprominentAmericanandforeigncompaniesinvolvedinfraudulentfinancialreportingandthenatureofaccountingirregularitiestheycommitted;and(2)tohighlighttheglobalreactionforcorporatereformswhichareaimedatrestoringinvestorconfidenceinfinancialreporting,thepublicaccountingprofessionandglobalcapitalmarkets.CasesofGlobalCorporateAccountingFraudsThelistofcorporatefinancialaccountingscandalsintheU.S.isextensive,andeachonewastheresultofoneormorecreativeaccountingirregularities.Exhibit1identifiesasampleofU.S.companiesthatcommittedsuchfraudandthenatureoftheirfraudulentfinancialreportingactivities.WhoCommitsFinancialFraudandHowTherearethreegroupsofbusinesspeoplewhocommitfinancialstatementfrauds.Theyrangefromseniormanagement(CEOandCFO);mid-andlower-levelmanagement;andorganizationalcriminals[6,16].CEOsandCFOscommitaccountingfraudstoconcealtruebusinessperformance,topreservepersonalstatusandcontrolandtomaintainpersonalincomeandwealth.Mid-andlower-levelemployeesfalsifyfinancialstatementsrelatedtotheirareaofresponsibility(subsidiary,divisionorotherunit)toconcealpoorperformanceand/ortoearnperformance-basedbonuses.Organizationalcriminalsfalsifyfinancialstatementstoobtainloansortoinflateastocktheyplantosellina“pump-and-dump”scheme.Methodsoffinancialstatementschemesrangefromfictitiousorfabricatedrevenues;alteringthetimesatwhichrevenuesarerecognized;improperassetvaluationsandreporting;concealingliabilitiesandexpenses;andimproperfinancialstatementdisclosures.GlobalRegulatoryActionforCorporateandAccountingReformsInresponsetocorporateandaccountingscandals,theeffectsofwhicharestillbeingfeltthroughouttheU.S.economy,andinordertoprotectpublicinterestandtorestoreinvestorconfidenceinthecapitalmarket,U.S.lawmakers,inacompromisebytheHouseandSenate,passedtheSarbanes-OxleyActof2002.PresidentBushsignedthisActintolaw(PublicLaw107-204)onJuly30,2002.TheActresultedinmajorchangestocompliancepracticesoflargeU.S.andnon-U.S.companieswhosesecuritiesarelistedortradedonU.S.stockexchanges,requiringexecutives,boardsofdirectorsandexternalauditorstoundertakemeasurestoimplementgreateraccountability,responsibilityandtransparencyoffinancialreporting.ThestatutesoftheAct,andthenewSECinitiativesthatfollowed[1,4,8,12,15],areconsideredthemostsignificantlegislationandregulationsaffectingthecorporatecommunityandtheaccountingprofessionsince1933.OtherU.S.regulatorybodiessuchasNYSE,NASDAQandtheStateSocietiesofCPAshavealsopassednewregulationswhichplaceadditionalburdensonpubliclytradedcompaniesandtheirexternalauditors.TheSarbanes-OxleyAct(SOA)isexpresslyapplicabletoanynon-U.S.companyregisteredonU.S.exchangesundereithertheSecuritiesActof1933ortheSecurityExchangeActof1934,regardlessofcountryofincorporationorcorporatedomicile.Furthermore,externalauditorsofsuchregistrants,regardlessoftheirnationalityorplaceofbusiness,aresubjecttotheoversightofthePublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard(PCAOB)andtothestatutoryrequirementsoftheSOA.TheUnitedStates’SOAhasreverberatedaroundtheglobethroughthecorporateandaccountingreformsaddressedbytheInternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC);theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD);theEuropeanCommission(UC);andauthoritativebodieswithinindividualEuropeancountries.InternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC)TheIFACisaprivategovernanceorganizationwhosemembersarethenationalprofessionalassociationsofaccountants.Itformallydescribesitselfastheglobalrepresentativeoftheaccountingprofession,withtheobjectiveofservingthepublicinterest,strengtheningtheworldwideaccountancyprofessionandcontributingtothedevelopmentofstronginternationaleconomiesbyestablishingandpromotingadherencetohighqualitystandards[9].TheFederationrepresentsaccountancygroupsworldwideandhasservedasareminderthatrestoringpublicconfidenceinfinancialreportingandtheaccountingprofessionshouldbeconsideredaglobalmission.Itisalsoconsider