主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendoneTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.2.Smokingmaycausecancer.对他说话等于对牛弹琴。吸烟会致癌。-ing形式作主语和宾语的用法3.Walkingismysoleexercise.4.Talkingmendsnoholes.5.Isuggestbringingthemeetingtoanend.散步是我唯一的运动。(谚)空谈无济于事。我建议结束会议。6.Headmittedtakingthemoney.7.Icouldn’thelplaughing.8.Yourcoatneedsbrushing.他承认钱是他拿的。我禁不住笑了起来。你的大衣需要刷一下。一.作主语动名词作主语时,句子有三种形式:①动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。1)捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的._____________________issomethingweshouldneverdo.2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。_________________isveryimportantforme.PlayingtricksonothersLearningnewwords②用形式主语it,把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制,作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词,如useful,useless,good,fun;nouse,worth等。如:2)和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。_______________________withShylock.3)想再解释一次有好处吗?__________________________4)跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。_____________________________ItisuselessarguingIsitanygoodtryingtoexplain?Itispleasantworkingwithyou.常用-ing形式作主语的句型有:It+be+awasteoftimedoing做……是浪费时间的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing做……是没用处的Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing做……是值得的③在therebe结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo…”如:无法知道他什么时候离开。Therewas__________whenhewouldleave.noknowing二.动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语;二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。①只能后接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practice,cannotstand等。如:1)我不能不去。Ican’tavoidgoing.2)你是否考虑过找一位挚友?Haveyouconsidered__________onespecialfriend?3)我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。Wemusttryto_____________thesamemistake.lookingforavoidrepeating4)晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?Doyou___________________withmeaftersupper?5)人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。People_________________________foolishman.这类动词还有:excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk等。feellikehavingawalkcouldn’thelplaughingatthat②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,mean,forget,remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后,用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。C.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,如:1)Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得我已把信寄了。2)I’llremembertoposttheletter.我会记着去寄信的。3)Ishallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriter.__________________________________我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。4)Don’tforgettowritetoyourmother._____________________5)我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。_______________________6)我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。__________________________________不要忘了给你母亲写信。Iregretmissingthereport.IregrettosayIcan’ttakeyouradvice.D.在try,mean之后,意义各不相同,如trytodo(设法),trydoing(试试),meantodo(打算,有意要做),meandoing(意思是,意味着)。如:1)我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.2)我们用别的方法做这工作试试。Let’strydoingtheworkinginsomeotherway.3)Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry._________________4)Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.____________________________我并不想叫你生气。你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。E.goondoing和goontodogoondoing继续做一直在做的事;goontodo接着做另一件事。如:1)请接着做这同一个练习。________________thesameexercise.2)请做另外一个练习。_______________theotherexercise.PleasegoondoingPleasegoontodoF.stopdoing与stoptodo:stopdoing停止做,stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如:1)我们停止了交谈。____________________________2)我们停了下来去谈话。____________________________Westoppedtalking.Westoppedtotalk.一、-ing形式作定语1.buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater=waterfordrinking饮用水awalkingstick=astickforwalking手杖-ing形式作定语,宾语补足语和表语的用法2.Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.他们住在一间面朝街的房子。ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。3.-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,这时,它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如:Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,whichwasswayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.那棵苹果树硕果累累,在微风中轻轻摇曳。二、-ing形式作宾语补足语1.Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.当我们回到学校时,发现一个陌生人站在大门口。Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.我们发现蛇正在吃鸡蛋。Ifoundabaglyingontheground.我发现地板上放着一个包。2Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.这个结果很令人满意。Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom.有人听到他在隔壁房间唱歌2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1).Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.Canyousmellanythingburning?Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.Listentothebirdssinging.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.2).Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.3).see,hear,feel,watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别:Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只在走过教室的刹那间,看见老师正在做实验)①前者表示动作正在进行,而后者表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:Wesatanhourandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.我们坐了一个小时,看老师做实验。(一个小时之内一直在看老师作实验)②如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词,动词不定式短语表示一次动作,而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如:Weheardthedoorslam.Weheardthedoorslamming.(反复动作)(一次动作)三、-ing形式作表语Herhobbyispainting.她的业余爱好是画画。Myjobislookingafterthechildren.我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。Pointouttheusageofthe–ingform.1.Doyoufinditfunnytoseesomeoneslidingonabananaskin,bumpingintosomeoneelseroundacorner,orfallingdownahole