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Unit11.主观题2.HowdidtheNormanConquestandtheRenaissanceinfluencetheEnglishvocabulary?Thetransitionalperiod（转型时期）fromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish(ME1100----1500),whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturematters,whichinfluencedEnglishindailylife.TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.IntheearlystageofthisperiodtheRenaissance（文艺复兴）broughtgreatchangetothevocabulary.Therenewed（复兴的）studyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingofGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemedium（媒介）ofLatin,butalsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyintoEnglishvocabulary.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords,(page4~5)3.Enumeratethecausesfortherapidgrowthofneologisms（新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者）afterWorldWarⅡ.Givefourexamplesforeachcause.①markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.Example:toblastoff(炸掉，炸毁),tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad②socio-economic（社会经济）,politicalandculturalchanges.Example:roller-hockey,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignatedhitter③theinfluencefromotherculturesandlanguages（page6~7）Example:cosmonaut,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）,apartheid（种族隔离）.4.Whatarethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock（词库）oftheEnglishvocabulary?(1).Nationalcharacter(全民通用性)：Wordsofthebasicwordstockbelongtothepeopleasawhole,nottoalimitedgroup.(2).Stability（稳定性）:Aswordsinthebasicwordstockdenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.However,acertainnumberofOldEnglishwordshavedroppedoutofthebasicwordstock,whilenewwordshavejoinedtherankofbasicwords,followingsocialandtechnologicalchanges.(3).Word-formingability(构词)：Basicwordsareveryactiveinformingnewwords.(4).Abilitytoformcollocations（搭配能力）：Basicwordscombinereadilywithotherwordstoformhabitualexpressionsandphrases.Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.(Page10paragraph4,5,7,8andPage11paragraph2)5.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheEnglishvocabularyasaresultofitshistoricaldevelopment?ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishlanguageshowsthatEnglishisaheavyborrower;ithasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguage,especiallyfromLatin,FrenchandGreek.（page18.）6.WhydowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary?First,becausethenativewordsformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Andthebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.Second,theymakeupthemostfamiliar,mostusefulpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.SowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabularyforitsimportance.（Page10paragraph2,andPage19paragraph2）7.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?(1)Commonorpopularwordsarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.ThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.Theyarestylistically(在文体上)neutral,andhencetheyareappropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech.(Page11paragraph6)(2)Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的）style,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.(Page12paragraph1)Chapter2Q1:Explainthefollowingtermsandprovideexample:a.Morphemic形位b.Allomorph形位变体c.freeandboundmorphemicd.hybrid混合词Morphemic:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Example:nation(page21,paragraph2,line1)Allomorph:anyofthevariantformsofamorphemicasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Example:books,pigs.(page22,paragraph3,line4)Freemorphemic:onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Example:man，read，faith(page23,paragraph2,line1To2)Boundmorphemic:cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance表达;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphemic.Example:unkind(page23,paragraph2,line4)Hybrid:awordmadeupofelementsformtwoormoredifferentlanguage.Example:goddess,rewrite.(page27,paragraph2,line4)Q2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixes?P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）arerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）aresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whicharerelatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.arethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.Thenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthanthatofinflectionalaffixes.Q3:Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixes派生词缀classified?p26Derivationalaffixesareclassifiedinprefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.Q4:Howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemic（语素的）level?P29paragraph5Onthemorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complexandcompoundwords（复合词）.ChapterIIIⅠExplain1、(p32)Word-formationrules:Therulesofword-formationdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords2、Root,stemandbase.Analyzetheworddenationalizedintoroot,baseandstem.Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡCompounding1、Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?(p35-p36)①Orthographiccriterion②Phonologicalcriterion③SemanticcriterionⅢDerivation1、Whati