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1.TranslatethefollowingintoChinesematerialsscienceStoneAgenakedpropertyBronzeageopticalpropertyintegratedcircuitmechanicalstrengththermalconductivity•“Materialsscience”involvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Incontrast,“Materialsengineering”is,onthebasisofthesestructure-propertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。•Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,anddeteriorative.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。•Inadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials,namely“processing”and“performance”.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工和性能。•Themorefamiliaranengineerorscientistiswiththevariouscharacteristicsandstructure-propertyrelationships,aswellasprocessingtechniquesofmaterials,themoreproficientandconfidentheorshewillbetomakejudiciousmaterialschoicesbasedonthesecriteria.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的几个原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。•Ononlyrareoccasiondoesamaterialpossessthemaximumoridealcombinationofproperties.Thus,itmaybenecessarytotradeoffonecharacteristicforanother.只有在少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish交叉学科介电常数固体材料热容力学性质电磁辐射•直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthestructuralelementofmaterialsandtheirproperties.•材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。•材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特性和性能。•材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。MechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforceUnit21.TranslatethefollowingintoChineseCompositematerialsnonlocalizedelectronsAdvancedmaterialsstiffnessesSemiconductorsbiomaterialsSmartmaterialsnanoengineeredmaterials•Metalsareextremelygoodconductorsofelectricityandheat,andarenottransparenttovisiblelight;apolishedmetalsurfacehasalustrousappearance.金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。•Ceramicsaretypicallyinsulativetothepassageofheatandelectricity,andmoreresistanttohightemperaturesandharshenvironmentsthanmetalsandpolymers.陶瓷材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。•Materialsthatareutilizedinhigh-technology(orhigh-tech)applicationsaresometimestermedadvancedmaterials.用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。•Piezoelectricceramicsexpandandcontractinresponsetoanappliedelecteicfield(orvoltage);conversely,theyalsogenerateanelectricfieldwhentheirdimensionsarealtered.压电陶瓷在电场(或电压)的作用下作出舒张和收缩反应;相反,他们也产生电场当它们的尺寸会改变•Withtheadventofscanningprobemicroscopes,whichpermitobservationofindividualatomsandmolecules,ithasbecomepossibletomanipulateandmoveatomsandmoleculestoformnewstructuresand,thus,designnewmaterialsthatarebuiltfromsimpleatomiclevelconstituents(i.e.,“materialsbydesign”).随着允许观察单个的原子和分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现,使得操纵和移动原子和分子去组成的新结构和设计由简单的原子能级成分的新的材料(也就是,“材料的设计”)成为可能,2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish先进材料陶瓷材料高性能材料黏土材料合金移植玻璃纤维碳纳米管•金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons,andmanypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.•许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Manypolymersareorganiccompoundsandtheyhaveverylargemolecularstructures,•半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductorshaveelectricalpropertiesthatareintermediatebetweentheelectricalconductors(viz.metalsandmetalalloys)andinsulators(viz.ceramicsandpolymers).•生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。BiomaterialsmustnotproducetoxicsubstancesandmustbecompatiblewithbodytissuesUnit42.TranslatethefollowingintoChinesephasetransformationtemperaturesspecificgravitythermalconductivitythemeltingpointtheaccelerationofgravitymagneticpermeability(1)Anobjectwillfloatinwaterifitsdensityislessthanthedensityofwaterandsinkifitsdensityisgreaterthatthatofwater.Similarly,anobjectwithspecificgravitylessthanonewillfloatandthosewithaspecificgravitygreaterthanonewillsink.一个对象将浮在水上,如果它的密度小于水的密度和水槽如果其密度大,是水的。同样,一个对象,比重不到一浮与比重大于一沉。(2)Materialsthatcausethelinesoffluxtomovefartherapart,resultinginadecreaseinmagneticfluxdensitycomparedwithavacuum,arecalleddiamagnetic.Materialsthatconcentratemagneticfluxbyafactorofmorethanonebutlessthanorequaltotenarecalledparamagnetic;materialsthatconcentratethefluxbyafactorofmorethantenarecalledferromagnetic.材料,导致了线路通量的移动距离,从而减少磁通密度与真空,被称为反磁性。材料磁精矿的因子多于一个但小于或等于10被称为显影;材料集中通量因素的十多被称为铁磁体。(3)Certainferromagneticmaterials,especiallypowderedorlaminatediron,steel,ornickelalloys,haveμrthatcanrangeuptoabout1000000.Diamagneticmaterialshaveμrlessthanone,butnoknownsubstancehasrelativepermeabilitymuchlessthanone.（4）Whenaparamagneticorferromagneticcoreisinsertedintoacoil,theinductanceismultipliedbyμrcomparedwiththeinductanceofthesamecoilwithanaircore.3.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish相对密度沸点磁感应热导率玻璃转变温度有色金属线性热膨胀系数单位体积质量（1）化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Propertiesthatdescribehowasubstancechangesintoacompletelydifferentsubstancearecalledchemicalproperties.（2）相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phaseisaphysicalpropertyofmatt