名词性从句和状语从句

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扬中市新坝中学左敏名词性从句和状语从句名词性从句和状语从句是中学阶段的两个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中也都是重要考点,虽然每年在命题上各有变化,但仔细分析高考试题不难看出,这两大从句主要都是从句子的种类,连接词的使用,句子的语序以及特殊句式等几个方面进行考查。导学定义:在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。名词性从句的定义及种类种类:根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词:when,where,how,why名词性从句的连接词连接词:that,whether,if(注意:它们不充当从句的任何成分)主语从句通常由连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why和从属连词that,whether,if等引导。一、主语从句(1)连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。如:①Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.②Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.③WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotbeendecided.(1)连接代词和链接副词引导的主语从句(2)That引导主语从句时,在句中无词义,只起连接作用,且不可省略。如:Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.Thathedidn’tpasstheexamworriedhisparents.(2)That引导的主语从句①Itis+adj.(clear/obvious/likely…)+that…②Itis+n.(afact/apity/anhonor…)+that…③Itis+p.p.(said/reported/believed…)+that…④It+vi.(seems/happens/appears…)+that…(3)有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语放在句首,而将that引导的真正主语置于句末。That引导主语从句,用it作形式主语的几种常见类型如下:(3)It作形式主语的that从句例如:①Itisobviousthathewaslying.②Itissaidthathehasbeentheremanytimes.③Itisapitythatyoucannotgowithus.④Itseemsthathehaslostsomething.但在下面两种情况中,从句要用虚拟语气Itis+adj.(important/natural/strange…)+that…Itis+p.p.(suggested/requested/proposed…)+that…如:①Itisimportantthatwe(should)learnEnglishwell.②Itissuggestedthatwe(should)holdameetingtodiscussthisproblem.1.由连词that引导的宾语从句:连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。(e.g.)Webelieve(that)heishonest.二、宾语从句(e.g.)Hetoldme(that)hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeon.如果从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist、desire、request等表要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句中常用“(should)+动词原形”。如:Iinsistthatshe(should)finishherworkbyherself.②用在双宾语之后作直接宾语。如:Theytoldusthatthefilmwasinteresting.③带有it作形式宾语的固定搭配。如:Theytakeitforgrantedthattheirteamwillwinthegame.Willyoupleaseseetoitthatthechildrencangettheresafely?that在宾语从句中其它几种不能省略的情况①该句含有形式宾语it如:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.常用it作形式宾语的动词还有:find,feel,think,believe,make,consider等。①Pleasetellmewhereheis.②Ididn’tknowwhowasthemonitor.③Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.2.用who,whom,what,when,where,why,how等关系代词和关系副词引导的宾语从句,应注意从句要用陈述句语序。例如:3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句,译为“是否…”(e.g.)Idon’tknowwhether/ifhewillcometoday.但whethertodo作介词宾语或whetherornot连用时,whether不可以替换成if。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,asif也可引导表语从句。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+从句例如①Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.②Thisiswhatwewant.③Thisiswhereourproblemlies.④Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.⑤Thereasonwhyshewaslatewasthatshemissedtheearlybus.三、表语从句⑥Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.注意:(1)that引导表语从句时,不可省略.(2)主语为reason时,表语从句连词用that而不用because.(3)表语从句中表示“是否”时,只用whether不用if.表语从句的注意点同位语从句通常由that引导,少数情况也可用连接副词引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有idea、fact、news、word、suggestion、question、demand、hope、advice、message、order、truth、promise、request、information、wish等。如:①Wemustfacethefactthatwehavespentallthemoney.四、同位语从句②Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.③Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.注意:1.有时同位语从句不是直接跟在名词后面,而是被其它词隔开。如:Wordcamethattheyhadwonthegame.2.名词suggestion,advice,order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”如:Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.3.同位语从句中表示“是否”时,只用whether不用if如:Thequestionwhetherhecametothepartyisunknown.同位语从句的注意点That引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别that作为关系代词,引导定语从句时,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略。试比较下面两个例句:①Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)②Haveyougottheidea(that)thisbookgivesyou?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可省略)4、that引导同位语从句和引导定语从句的区别:that引导同位语从句时,只起连接作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。名词性从句中that的使用情况:2.that不可省略的情况:★that引导主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句时不可省略。★用it做形式宾语的宾语从句中that不可省略。★并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that不能省略1.单个宾语从句中的that可省略★名词性从句重点难点一whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况中,whether不能被if取代:★引导主语从句并位于句首★引导表语从句★引导同位语从句★在介词后引导宾语从句★与不定式短语连用★与ornot连在一起引导宾语从句★名词性从句重点难点二名词性从句中if和whether的选用③We’reworriedabout_______heissafe.②________wewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.①Iaskedher__________shehadabike.if/whetherWhether④Idon’tknow_______ornotheiswell.whetherwhether用if/whether填空:★链接高考——名词性从句考题1.Oneadvantageofplayingtheguitaristhatitcangiveyouagreatdealofpleasure.(06上海)A.howB.whyC.thatD.when2.-Isthereanypossibilitythatyoucouldpickmeupattheairport?-Noproblem.(09浙江)A.WhenB.thatC.whetherD.what3.Wehaven'tsettledthequestionofwhetheritisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.(2006江苏)A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that4.Whatmakesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(2006辽宁)A.WhatB.WhoC.WhateverD.Whoever状语从句导学状语从句导学状语从句导学、状语从句概说1、在句中作状语用的从句叫状语从句。2、引导状语从句的一般为连词,也可有词组。3、状语从句可以在句首,也可以在句中或句末。4、状语从句按其用途可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、让步、方式、比较等九类状语从句。5、时间状语从句和条件状语从句中的将来时,通常用一般现在时来表示。状语从句概说引导时间状语从句的从属连词1.基本类:before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、assoonas,etc.一、时间状语从句①IwilltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.②WhenIwasyoung,Ilikedswimming.③Ifinishedmyhomeworkbeforemymothercameback.④Ithasbeen12yearssinceIleftmyhometown.①Thechildrenranawayfromthefarmthemomenttheysawtheguard.②IgavehimthemoneytheminuteIsawhim.③2.名词类(由名词词组充当引导词):themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant(一…就…);everytime,eachtime,etc.如:EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Iwillgetintotrouble.3.副词类(由副词充当引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