桥本甲状腺炎

1《中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南》中华医学会内分泌学分会2慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(Chroniclymphocyticthyroiditis)内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后Dr.HakaruHashimoto概述日本学者Hashimoto于1912年首先报道桥本病Hashimoto’sdisease(HT)慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎Chroniclymphocyticthyroiditis(CLT)自身免疫性甲状腺炎(AIT)Chronicautoimmunethyroiditis桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto’sthyroiditis萎缩性甲状腺炎atrophicthyroiditis慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎chronicautoimmunethyroiditis无痛性甲状腺炎painlessthyroiditis产后甲状腺炎postpartumthyroiditis自身免疫性甲状腺炎autoimmunethyroiditis概述-自身免疫性甲状腺炎分类分型特点1型自身免疫性甲状腺炎(桥本病1型)1A有甲状腺肿甲状腺功能正常促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平正常,常有抗甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)和甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)抗体存在。1B无甲状腺肿2型自身免疫性甲状腺炎(桥本病2型)2A有甲状腺肿(经典桥本病)持续存在甲减TSH水平升高,常有抗Tg和TPO抗体存在，一些2B型伴有阻断型TSH受体抗体存在。2B无甲状腺肿(原发性粘液性水肿，萎缩性甲状腺炎)2C暂时加重的甲状腺炎可能开始表现为暂时的甲状腺毒症(血清甲状腺激素升高伴有甲状腺摄碘率减低),然后经常出现暂时性甲减。但患者也可表现为暂时性甲减而没有之前的甲状腺毒症。抗Tg和TPO抗体存在。3型自身免疫性甲状腺炎(Graves病)3A甲状腺功能亢进的Graves病甲状腺功能亢进或甲状腺功能正常而TSH被抑制，有刺激型TSH受体抗体存在，抗Tg和TPO抗体也常存在。3B甲状腺功能正常的Graves病3C甲状腺功能减低的Graves病眼病伴有甲状腺功能减低，有诊断水平的刺激型或阻断型TSH受体抗体可被发现，常有抗Tg和TPO抗体存在。概述-自身免疫性甲状腺炎分类PearceEN,FarwellAP,BravermanLE.Thyroiditis.NEnglJMed2003;348:2646-2655.内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗流行病学国外报告AIT患病率2%~3%(按出现甲低病例计算)发病率男性0.8/1000，女性3.5/1000患病率F:M=8~9:1由甲状腺的病毒感染或病毒感染后情况引发高发年龄在30~50岁年龄越大，患病率越高流行病学HT是导致甲减的最常见病因，每年5%递增女性多见，女性:男性9-10:1好发于30~50岁，产后、儿童流行率：0.4-1.5%(中国)发病率：150/100000(美国),0-0.5%(中国)高碘地区发病率增高占甲状腺疾病的20-25%TengW,ShanZ,TengX,etal.EffectofiodineintakeonthyroiddiseasesinChina.NEnglJMed.2006,354(26):2783-93.内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后病因和发病机制遗传因素：HLA环境因素：高碘、压力、污染等自身免疫因素：Th1免疫异常，TPOAb、TgAb、TSBAb；Fas,FasL,Bcl-2,CD86…与其它AIT(SLE、SS、慢活肝、恶性贫血等)并存其它：与出生的季节、乳腺癌、甲状腺恶性淋巴瘤有关TengW,ShanZ,TengX,etal.EffectofiodineintakeonthyroiddiseasesinChina.NEnglJMed.2006,354(26):2783-93.Figure1.TheTAZ10transgenicmousemodel10andtheimmunologicalbasisforHashimotothyroiditis.(a)Thyroidfollicleandthelocationofthemajorthyroidautoantigens:thyroidperoxidase(TPO),thyroglobulin(Tg)andthethyroid-stimulatinghormonereceptor(TSHR).(b)Immunologicalmechanismsleadingtothespectrumofhumanautoimmunitywithdifferingpathologicalandclinicalcharacteristics.GraveshyperthyroidismiscauseddirectlybyTSHRautoantibodiesthatactivatetheTSHR.HypothyroidisminHashimotothyroiditisisassociatedwithautoantibodiestoTPO(andlesscommonlytoTg),buttherelativecontributionstothyrocytedamagebyautoantibodies,TPO-specificTcellsand/orcytokinesisunknown.TheTAZ10modelofQuaratinoetal.showsthatTPO-specificTcellsaresufficienttoinducethehistopathologicalandclinicalfeaturesofHashimotodisease.However,howCD8+TcellsandcytokinessecretedbyCD4+Tcellscontributetodestructionhasyettobedetermined.T3,triiodothyronine.内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后病理肉眼：甲状腺弥漫性对称性肿大，稍呈结节状，质较韧，60g~200g左右，被膜轻度增厚，与周围组织无粘连，切面呈分叶状，色灰白灰黄光镜：实质组织破坏、萎缩，大量淋巴细胞及不等量的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润、淋巴滤泡形成、纤维组织增生，有时可出现多核巨细胞ThespecimeninPanelAshowstypicalchangesofHashimoto'sthyroiditis,includinglymphoidfollicleswithgerminalcenters(G),smalllymphocytesandplasmacells(P),thyroidfollicleswithHürthle-cellmetaplasia(H),andminimalcolloidmaterial(C).PearceEN,FarwellAP,BravermanLE.Thyroiditis.NEnglJMed2003;348:2646-2655.G:生发中心P:浆细胞H:H-c化生C:胶质物Hürthle-cell:许特尔细胞,大嗜酸细胞内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后临床表现发病隐匿，早期无特殊表现颈部增粗的表现：咽部不适、局部压迫等甲状腺功能异常的表现：甲亢:心慌、出汗等甲减:怕冷、乏力、皮肤干燥、胸闷、心包积液等特殊表现：桥本脑病、不孕、甲状腺淀粉样变、淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎等合并症：淋巴瘤、其他自身免疫疾病等GRETINISM:呆小症;MYEXEDEMA:粘液性水肿IdenticalmaletwinswithHashimoto'sthyroiditiswerephotographedatage12.Atage8,theyhadthesameheightandappearance.Duringtheintervening4years,smallgoitersdevelopedandthegrowthofthetwinontherightalmoststopped.BiopsyindicatedHashimoto'sthyroiditisineachtwin'sthyroid.内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后实验室检查和辅助检查甲状腺功能：20%甲减，5%甲亢，余可正常自身抗体：TPOAb，TgAb明显增高甲状腺超声：甲状腺肿大呈弥漫性病变,低回声区域(可多发，不均)或甲状腺结节核素扫描：分布不均的“破补丁”现象，不作为诊断常规FNAB：滤泡细胞嗜酸性变特征性改变,见浆细胞、巨细胞，背景较多淋巴细胞浸润甲状腺超声PathologyofHashimoto'sthyroiditis.InthistypicalviewofsevereHashimoto'sthyroiditis,thenormalthyroidfolliclesaresmallandgreatlyreducedinnumber,andwiththehematoxylinandeosinstainareseentobeeosinophilic.Thereismarkedfibrosis.Thedominantfeatureisaprofusemononuclearlymphocyticinfiltrateandlymphoidgerminalcenterformation.FNAB&BiopsyHashimoto'sThyroiditisThechronicinflammationincludeslymphocytesandplasmacellsFNAB&BiopsyImageDescription:Adenseinfiltrateofplasmacellsandlymphocyteswithgerminalcenterformationisseeninthisthyroid.Cellsoftheindividualcolloidfolliclesoftendisplayabundantpinkgranularcytoplasm,whichisreferredtoasoncocyticchange,inthissetting.ThesecellsarereferredtoasHurthlecellsoroncocytes-thesearemetaplastic.(Oncocytes：嗜酸瘤细胞)FNAB&BiopsyFluorescentthyroidscaninthyroiditis.Thenormalthyroidscan(left)allowsidentificationofathyroidwithnormalstable(127I)storesthroughoutbothlobes.Amarkedreductionin127IcontentisapparentthroughouttheentireglandinvolvedwithHashimoto'sthyroiditis(right).实验室检查和辅助检查RAIU(摄碘率)：一般低于正常，也可高于正常(合并Graves病)，早期可在正常水平只用于鉴别诊断和病期判断过氯酸钾排泌试验：60%患者阳性，因假阳性率过高，一般不用内容概述流行病学病因和发病机制病理临床表现实验室检查和辅助检查诊断与鉴别诊断治疗预后诊断甲状腺肿大、韧、有时峡部大或不对称、或伴结节临床凡患者具有典型的临床表现,只要血中TgA