冠词、数词、名词和代词冠词:定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.1.定冠词(the)定冠词the表示这,那,这些,那些之意,用于可数的单数复数名词或不可数名词前.例如:theapplethebiggerone2.不定冠词(a,an)不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示一的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是特定者.a(an)表示一的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:apen一支钢笔anegg一个鸡蛋astudent一个学生anapple一个苹果定冠词the的用法(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物.例如:Thereisabookcalled“GonewiththeWind”onmyshelf.Thebookwaswrittenbyaforeignwriter.(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某些)事物.例如:TheangrymanonthescreenisDavid.(3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:Theworld,themoon,theuniverse(4)用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由only修饰的名词前.例如:Thefirstlessonisasdifficultasthelastone.(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:theSummerPalacetheUSAtheOlympicGames(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名词前.例如:theYellowRivertheBlackSea(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示某某一家人或某某夫妇.例如:theGreenstheWangsthe+姓氏复数作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:TheWhitesdotheircookingathomeonlyattheweekend.(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.如:theoldtheyoungtherichthepoortheclevertheblind(9)用在乐器前面.例如:playthepianoplaytheviolin(10)用在the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级结构中,表示越……越…….例如:Themoreexerciseyoutake,thehealthieryouwillbe.(11)当名词被短语或从句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:Themanunderthetreeismygrandfather.ThegirlinwhiteisMary.(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:intheeastinthewestinthenortheastofChina(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:Thetreeisakindofplant.Thecomputerisaninterestingtool.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:inthemorning,intheearlymorningintheevening,inthebeginningintheafternoon,ontheright(left)bytheway,intheend,thenextday,attheendof,thedayaftertomorrow,attheageof,inthefrontof在……(内部)的前面thedaybeforeyesterdaygotothechurch,inthehospital不定冠词a(an)的用法(1)表示某一类人或事物中的个体,要在名词前加a(an).例如:Pleasepassmeachair..Achildneedsloveinhisearlylife.(2)用来指某人或某物.但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:Avisitorcalledmeupjustnow.(3)用来表示一的概念,相当于one.例如:Hereisapresentforyou.(4)表示单位,数量,长度等.例如:Iwritetomypen-friendonceamonth.Takethismedicinethreetimesaday.(5)用在专有名词前,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.相当与acertain例如:AMrBlackrangyouupjustnow.(6)月份,星期及morning,afternoon,evening,night等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).例如:onacoldmorninginasunnySundayinahotmonthonaterriblenight(7)用在sucha(an)…,quitea(an)…,manya(an)…,rathera(an)…与so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词的结构中.例如:Itissuchatalltree.Manyamancomestoworkonthefarm.(8)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:afew一些,少数几个abit一点儿alot(of)许多,大量alittle一点儿apieceof一片/块haveacold患感冒haveameal吃顿饭havearest休息一下haveaswim游泳haveawalk散步haveagoodtime零冠词(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:ChinaJohnAustraliaNo.1MiddleSchoolNationalDay(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:Theradioisonherdesk.Someyoungpioneersareworkingonthefarm.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用冠词.例如:Myuncleandauntarebothdoctors.Horsesareusefulanimals.(4)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词.例如:MissLiChairmanHuDrSmithProfessorChen(5)在季节,月份,星期前不用冠词.例如:It'sveryhotinsummer.WeusuallyhaveclassmeetingsonWednesday.(6)在一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词前不用冠词.例如:Childrenlovetoplayfootball.(7)在表示交通方式的介词短语中,不用冠词.例如:DoyouusuallycometoGuangzhoubyplaneorbytrain?(8)两个相同或相对的名词并用时,不用冠词.例如:fatherandsonhandinhanddayandnightfacetofacesunandmoonsidebyside(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:gotoworkontimeathomegotocollegegotochurch去做礼拜inbed在睡觉;卧病在床infrontof在……前面attable进餐infuture今后onearth究竟inhospital住院真题考察Inplaying_________,choosingatuneisveryimportant.A.pianoB.pianosC.apianoD.thepiano定冠词the常用于乐器的名称之前,表示演奏。Theoldmantoldus________storythatweallforgotaboutthetime.A.suchaninterestingB.suchinterestingaC.soaninterestingD.asointerestingSucha(an)+名词+that从句和so+形容词或副词+that从句表示如此……以至于(二)数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1)表示书页、房间、住所、邮编、电话号码等编号line12,postcode7100002)表示确指数字时,如ten,hundred,dozen,thousand,million,score等,只用单数形式,不能加s,如threemillioncollegestudents,twodozenbottlesofbeer,fourscoreandsixyears但在某些表示概数的习语中,如“成百上千,成千上万”等,基数词要加“s”,如hundredsofsoldiers,thousandsofbirds当hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof被afew,some,several,many等不确切数字的词修饰时,用单复数形式均可。Somethousand(s)ofworkersattendedthemeeting.(4)基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄1)表示年代:inthe+年份的复数在几世纪几十年代2)表示年龄:inone’s+整十的复数在某人几十岁时二、序数词序数词的缩写形式:first---1stsecond---2ndthree---3rd除前三个外,其余序数词都以-th结尾(fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth),以-ty结尾的基数词构成序数词时,须将-y改成-i再加-eth,如twentieth,thirtieth,两位数的基数词变序数词时,只需将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变,如twenty-one变为twenty-first三、数词的用法1)倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,weight,length…)of…Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3one-third;2/10two-tenths但分数作定语时,分子和分母间必须加连字符,且分母要用单数,不用复数形式。真题考察3.__________happinessisbuiltonthebasisofhealth.A.Ninth-tenthsB.Nine-tenthC.Nine-tenthsD.Nine-ten“十分之九”的表达方式“ninetenths”,但分数作定语时,分子和分母间必须加连字符,且分母要用单数,不用复数形式。4.Two_______diedofcoldlastwinter.A.hundredsoldpeopleB.hundredoldpeopleC.hundredsoldpeoplesD.hundredoldpeoplesHundred,thousand,million做定语时一律不用复数;作名词时后跟“of短语”,要用复数。名词people为person的一般复数形式,peoples意为“民族”,如thefifty-sixpeoplesofChina.名词1.名词的数可数名词复数变化规则:1)一般情况加-sbird-birds,desk-desks,hand-hands,lake-lakes2)以ch,,sh,s,x,z结尾加-eswatch-watches,brush-brushes,class-classes,box-boxes,3)辅音字母+y变y为i在加esbaby-babies,country-countries4)以o结尾加-estomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,he