药学英语第四版课后翻译

UnitOne1.Afullappreciationofthephysiologyofalivingorganismmustbebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Anatomydoesnotmerelystudytheseparationofparts,buttheaccuratedescriptionofthemorphologiesandfunctionsofdifferentorgans.2.Ourdailyfoodintakemustmatchrequirementsandanyexcessmustbeexcretedforbalancetobemaintained.3.Theprocessofstabilizationoftheinternalenvironmentiscalledhomeostasisandisessentialifthecellsofthebodyaretofunctionnormally.4.Humancellshavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemoleculestosmalleronestoliberatesufficientenergyfortheiractivities.5.Aslongasnormalconditionsaremaintainedinthisinternalenvironment,thecellsofthebodycontinuetoliveandfunctionproperly.UnitTwo1.Biochemistryaskshowthethousandsofdifferentbiomoleculesinteractwitheachothertoconfertheremarkablepropertiesoflivingorganisms.2.Enzymesarecatalyststhatacceleratetheratesofbiologicalreactions.Eachenzymeisveryspecificinitsfoundationandactsonlyinaparticularmetabolicreaction.3.Oneofthemostfruitfulapproachestounderstandbiologicalphenomenahasbeentopurifyanindividualchemicalcomponent,suchasprotein,fromalivingorganismandtocharacterizeitschemicalstructureorcatalyticactivity.4.Thechemicalprinciplesthatgovernthepropertiesofbiologicalmoleculesincludethecovalentbondingofcarbonwithitselfandwithotherelementsandthefunctionalgroupsthatappearincommonbiologicalmolecules,etc.5.ThebasicunitofDNAisalinearpolymeroffourdifferentmonomericsubunits,deoxyribonucleotides,arrangedinapreciselinearsequence.UnitFour1.Thescienceoftheeffectsonthebodyiscalledpharmacology,andthescientistswhostudyitarepharmacologists.Pharmacologyisnotasciencethatcanbestudiedonitsown,butthatcloselyrelatedtootherbranchesofscience.Pharmacologistsshouldnotonlyunderstandhenormalprocessesthattakeplaceinthebody,butknowhowthefunctionsofthebodyareaffectedbydisease.2.Forphysiciansandmedicalstudents,thescopeofpharmacologyisnotsoexpansiveasitscommondefinition.Theclinicianisinterestedprimarilyindrugsthatareusefulintheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofhumandisease,orinthepreventionofpregnancy.3.Allphysiciansshouldsharetheresponsibilitytoresolvekindsofsociologicalproblemscausedbytheabuseofdrugs.Properlyused,drugsaregreatblessingtomankind;improperlyused,theycoulddestroyhumanrace.Whenapatient,particulartheelderlyisprescribedfrequentlytotakemorethanonetherapeuticagent,druginteractionsresultingintoxicitywilloccur.4.Atonetime,itwasessentialforthephysiciantohavebroadbotanicalknowledge,becausetheyhadtopossesstheabilityandskilltoselectproperplantsfromwhichtopreparehisowncrudemedicinalpreparation.5.Thestudyofbiochemicalandphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanismsofactionistermedaspharmacodynamics,whoseuniquenessliesmainlyinthatitsattentionisfocusedonthecharacteristicsofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofphysiology,biochemistry,immunology,andpathology.UnitFive1.Tofightagainstdisease,theimmunesystemgeneratesproteinsknownasantibodiesthatbindtoinvadingorganisms.Buttherealcaseisthattheimmunesystemisnottodevelopaspecializedantibodyeachtimeitisfacedwithanewpathogen.Infact,theimmunesystemselectthemosteffectiveonebymassscreeningofitsantibodyrepertoire,thusidentifyingtheonesthatworkbest.2.Inaprocesscalledcombinatorialchemistry,chemistsgeneratealargenumberofrelatedcompoundsandthenscreenthecollectionfortheonesthatcouldhavemedicinalvalue.3.Inaparallelsynthesis,chemistsoftenuseaso-calledmicrotiterplatetoassemblealltheproductsseparatelyintheirownreactionvessels.4.Aparallelsynthesisandasplit-and-mixsynthesisaredifferentwiththatinaparallelsynthesis,alltheproductsareassembledseparatelyintheirownreactioncontainers,whileinasplit-and-mixsynthesis,therelatedcompoundsaremixedupinthesamereactionvessel,whichreducesthenumberofcontainerrequired.5.Attheendofasplit-and-mixsynthesis,allthemoleculesattachedtoasinglebeadarefoundtobeofthesamestructure.Chemistspulloutfromthemixturethebeadsthatbearbiologicallyactivemoleculesandthen,usesensitivedetectiontechniquestodeterminethemolecularmakeupofthecompoundattached.UnitSix1.Plantnaturalproductshashad,andcontinuedtohave,animportantroleasmedicinalandpharmaceuticalagents,notonlyaspurifiedisolatesandextractives,butalsoasleadcompoundsforsyntheticoptimization.2.Plantsecondarymetabolitesalsoshowpromiseforcancerchemoprevention,whichhasbeendefinedas“theuseofnon-cytotoxicnutrientsorpharmacologicalagentstoenhanceintrinsicphysiologicalmechanismsthatprotecttheorganismagainstmutantclonesofmalignantcells.”3.Nevertheless,thevastmajorityoftheworld’squarterofamillionplantspecieshasnotbeenevaluatedinpharmaceuticalscreens,andthesmallpercentagethathasbeentestedhasgenerallybeenscreenedforactivityagainstonlyafewtherapeutictargets.4.Althoughmanysamplingprogramsdesignedtogeneratelargenumbersofsamplesforhigh-throughputscreeningprogramshavebeencharacterizedasrandom,ithasbeenshownthattheyareneithertrulyrandomnorhaphazard,butthatsamplingoccurswithoutpreconceivedselectionofspecies.5.Threemainresearchapproachesareusedindrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentprocesses:(1)bio-activityormechanismofaction-dir