非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.非谓语动词的句法功能语法特征:在句子中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词,包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词),他们没有人称和数的变化,但保留动词的某些特征:有时态和语态的变化,有否定式,可以带宾语、状语和补语;又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分。名称语法功能主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√1、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。3、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分4、语态:必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系,从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。非谓语动词的形式变化类别不定式动名词分词现在分词过去分词主动一般tododoingdoing/进行tobedoing///完成tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone/完成进行tohavebeendoing///被动一般tobedonebeingdonebeingdonedone完成tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone/复合及独立主格结构for+N./Pron.+todo相当于主谓结构,for的宾语是inf.的主语名词通格或所有格以及形容词物主代词或人称代词宾格+doing分词作状语其逻辑主语须与句子主语相一致,否则加上自己的主语或用with复合结构非谓语动词不定式infinitive动名词gerund分词participle可充当成分:主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.一、不定式不定式的构成是指不定式符号to加上动词原形,表示具体的意义,指一次性行为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。不定式各种形式的时间含义:一般式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后;完成式在谓语之前;进行式强调在谓语动词的同时;被动式是指主语是被动关系,表示被动的动作。1.不定式作主语Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.Itis+形容词+for/ofsb+不定式结构在Itis+形容词+ofsb+不定式结构中,形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“Itis+形容词+forsb+不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物的性质,如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。比较ItisgoodofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.你真好,帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=Youaregoodtohelpme.)Itisgoodforyoutogiveupsmoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是giveupsmoking这一行为=Foryoutogiveupsmokingisgood.)2.不定式作宾语有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,arrange,desire,try,determine、一般情况下不定式都要to,help可要可不要;不定式有它自己的补语,要用it作形式宾语。Youneedn'tbothertocomeyourself.Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.Somewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfinditdifficulttoachievesuccesstoday.①.Idon'twant___likeI'mspeakingillofanybody,butthemanager'splanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded②.Ithinkyou’llgrow____himwhenyouknowhimbetter.A.likingB.tobelikeC.tolikeD.tobeliking③.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen,butI’mgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard3.不定式作表语Whatshewantstodomostnowis(to)travelabroad.Themostimportantthingistotakemeasurestopreventthepollution.主语的内容或性质Cf.HeistomarryRose.表按计划要做的事情.不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词、代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。4.不定式作定语1主谓关系Thefuturetogreetuswillbebright.我们的未来会十分美好的。ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。在“某人是第…位做某事的人”固定结构中,不定式与被修饰的词间是主谓关系,表示动作已完成。Edisonwasthefirstmantoinventelectriclight.Hewasthefirstmantoarriveandthelasttoleave.2动宾关系OnSundays,healwayshasalotofletterstowrite.星期天,他总是有许多信要写。Hecanfindnoonetomakefriendswith.他找不到可交朋友的人。3同位关系某些抽象名词后面用不定式说明某种情况,陈述某种事实,如:chance机会、opportunity机会、way方式/方法、time时间、right权利、need必要、moment片刻等。Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.Hehasnochancetoexplainittoyou.4修饰关系Nowitistimetobeginourclass.现在是上课的时间了。注意:①、不定式作定语要考虑与主语的关系,主语是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式要用主动式;反之用被动式。Hehasmanythingstodo.Hewantshisbiketoberepairedrightnow.②、therebe句型中用主动表示说话人的行为,被动表示说话人要别人做某事。Theremustbesomethingtofear.tobefeared.点津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生,只用一般式。因此,如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词,这种不定式也叫反射不定式,即不定式+介词结构,介词一般不可省去,如:IneedapentowritewithGivemesomepapertowriteon.Therearesomethingtobegratefulfor.Shehasachildtotakecareof.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Hehasnofriendtodependon.他没有可依靠的朋友。I'vegotalotofthingstoseetothismorning.今天上午我有许多事情要处理。Ineedapentowritewith.CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.Eg.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest___inayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowedChangethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.HerearesomebooksthatyoucanreadHewasthefirstpersontocometotheclassroomthismorning.TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.Theonlythingformetogetisthediamondnecklace.Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.Everythingtobedoneneedspraising.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread5.不定式作宾语补足语A.感官动词:see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、lookat、feel.这时不定式不带to,并表示动作已经完成。Eg.Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.Isawachildfalldownfromthetree.B.致使、允许类动词:let、make、get、have、help、want、wish、allow、permit、forbid、advise、force、consider、expect、tell…Eg.Icouldnotmakethemunderstandme.Youcan’tallowhimtodothat.Myadvisorencouraged_____asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotakeC.think、consider、suppose、feel、believe、imagine、prove、find等动词的宾语后面可带tobe结构,也可省略tobe。Eg.Wethink/considerhim(tobe)awiseleader.D.callon、askfor、waitfor、dependon、preparefor等成语动词后面带to的不定式作宾补。Eg.Wearewaitingfortheraintostop.6、不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。A.表示目的I’msavinguptobuyacomputer.我在存钱买电脑。点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用inordertodo,和soastodo结构(soastodo不可以置于句首),否定的只能用inordernottodo,和soasnottodo。Heshoutedandwavedinordertobenoti