德国与南京国民政府前期兵工事业的发展(1928-1938)

中国科学技术大学博士学位论文德国与南京国民政府前期兵工事业的发展（1928-1938）姓名：罗永明申请学位级别：博士专业：科技史指导教师：石云里;李斌20100427I19271928-1938II1928-1938913810732050III40193694824MG08,MG08/15MG1909MG08,MG08/15,MG1909MG1909193819417AbstractIVABSTRACTIn1927,theNanjingnationalgovernmentwasformallyestablished,butitwasconfrontedwithsomestronglocalwarlords.Meanwhile,itwasbadlythreatenedbythegradualgrowthofthecommunistforcesandthegrowingambitionsoftheJapaneseinvasionofChina.ChiangKai-shekandlocalwarlordsfocusedonthedevelopmentofmilitaryindustryinordertoenhanceitsself-defensecapability.Germany,asawell-developedmilitaryindustrialcountry,waswillingtohelpChinarebuildanddevelopmilitaryindustryforpoliticalandeconomicinterests.AgoodrelationbetweenChinaandGermanyhadlaidanimportantfoundationfortheSino-GermanmilitarycooperationduringtheperiodoftheNanjingnationalgovernment.Withthehistoricalbackground,theSino-Germanrelationshadenteredanunprecedentedgoldenhoneymoonperiodin1928-1938.AlargenumberofGermanmilitaryadvisershadbeenrecruitedinChina.ManyGermanmilitaryfirmshadprovidedagreatdealofmachinesequipmentsandmaterialstohelpdevelopChina’smilitaryindustry.AlotofdomesticseniortechnicianswithGermaneducationbackgroundworkedinChina'smilitaryindustryandgraduallybecameleadersorbackbones.Throughtheabovethreeforces,GermanyhelpedChinanotonlysetupmilitaryresearchinstitutionsandnewarsenals,butalsosuccessfullyproducemanyGermanweapons.TheinfluencetothedevelopmentofChina’smilitaryindustrymadebycountriessuchAmerica,Russian,Britain,FrenchcouldnotexceedGermany’sin1928-1938.GermanyplayedakeyrolenotonlyinthemodernhistoryofChinesemilitarysystem,butalsothemodernhistoryofChinaitself.Specifically,itisalsoaveryimportanttopicinthehistoryoftheSino-Germanrelationship.AlthoughInternationalandChinesescholarshavecarriedoutrelevantresearchaboutGermanmilitaryadvisorygroup,Sino-GermanmilitaryarmamentstradeanddomesticseniortechnicianswithGermaneducationbackgroundfromthepointofpolitical,economic,diplomatic,culturalandmilitary,thereisnoscholarstudyingdeepandcarefullyontheinfluencetothedevelopmentofChina’smilitaryindustrymadebyGermanyattheangleofthehistoryofmilitaryscienceandtechnology.Onthebasisofallkindsofmaterials,files,documents,memoriesandbooksmainlyfromGermanmilitaryarchivesinFreiburg,SecondHistoricalArchivesofChina,ChongqingArchives,theNationalLibrary,thedissertationmadeasystematicalAbstractVanddeepinvestigationonthework,statusoftheGermanmilitaryadvisorsinChinaanddomesticseniortechnicianswithGermaneducationbackgroundbothservedinmilitaryindustry,andalsoconductedacarefulresearchoftheSino-Germanmilitaryarmamentstrade,soastogiveamorecomprehensiveandobjectiveevaluationontheinfluencetoChina'smodernmilitaryindustrialdevelopmentmadebyGermany.Thisdissertationmadedeeperstudiesthanwhatitwasinthepast,andputsforwardseveralnewviewpointsasthefollowing.First,Basedontheforesaidvariousdocumentsandmaterials,thedissertationconductedacomprehensivecollectionandstatisticsofGermanmilitaryadvisersanddomesticseniortechnicianswithGermaneducationbackgroundinChina’smilitaryindustry,madethelistofGermanmilitaryadvisersinChina’smilitaryindustry(1928-1938)andsomedomesticimportanttechnicianswithGermaneducationbackgroundinChina’smilitaryindustryandcarriedoutacomprehensivestudyoftheirstatus,works,achievementssothattohaveandeeperunderstandingofthem.Itwasfoundthattheyhadawealthofknowledge,servedbroadlyfromthecentraltolocaladministration,fromtheordnancetovariousarsenalsandmainlyconcentratedinthefieldofballistics,artillery,powder,militarychemicalweapons,opticalinstruments.Secondly,theinfluencetothedevelopmentofChina`smilitaryindustrymadebyGermanyhavebeennotcarefullystudiedforalongtime.Bssedonmanydometicandinternationalarchivesanddocuments,thedissertationanalyzeddeeplytheimportanteffectmadebyGermanyintheareaofthefirearmindustry,powderindustry,chemicalweaponsindustry,militaryopticalinstrumentsindustryandaviationindustryinChina.GermanyplayedagreatroleintheestablishmentofZhuzhouarsenalandPahKonghaugunfactorywhichwerethelargestnewmoderngunfactoryinRepubic`sChina.Intwofactories,notonlyallnewmachinesandequipmentswerepurchasedfromGermany,butalsomanyGermanadvisersanddomesticseniortechnicantswiththegermaneducationbackgroundwereemployed,andmanygermanweaponswereproduced.Germanyalsohaveanoutstandingroleinthedevelopmentofpowderindustry.WithGermanassistance,Hanyangpowderfactory-thelargestandthemostimportantpowderfactoryinChina`smodernhistory,andShanxipowderfactory,whichusedtobeinafashionforaperiod,setupanddeveloped.Intheareaofchemicalweaponsindustryandmilitaryopticalinstrumentsindustry,GermanyhelpedChinabuildupmilitarygasmasksfactoryandmilitaryopticalinstrumentfactory,createdannewfrieldoftheindustrializedproductionintheabovementionedtwoareas.InthefieldofaviationAbstractVIindustry,Germanyhadanactivetry,butfailedinthecompetitionwithAmericaandItaly.Thisdissertationhadasimpleanaysisofthecause.Third,Thedissertationfoundoutsomedifferenceorinconsistencyexistedinvariousmaterial,files,docouments,booksandhadmyownopinion.Forexample,therewasdifferentinthenumberofforeign