词汇学引论1-5单元重点

1单元Languageisasystemofsymbolsbasedonphysiology,psychologyandphysics.itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformationusedforhumancommunicationinasociety.Linguisticisthescientificstudyoflanguage.itisthestudyofhumanspeechincludingtheunits,nature,structureandmodificationoflanguage.Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Phoneticsisthestudyandsystematicclassificationofthesoundsmadeinspokenutterance,thatis,thestudyofspeech.DiachronicconcernedwithhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageSynchronicmeansdescribingalanguageasitexistsatonepointoftime2单元EtymologyisthestudyoftheoriginandhistoryofwordsandtheirmeaningsOldEnglish:theperiodof450to11501theprounciationoftheoldEnglishwordsdifferssomewhatfromthatofmiddleEnglishwords.thelongvowelshavechangedagreatdeal.2thevocabularyofoldEnglishconsistedmainlyofAnglo-Saxonwords,butwhentheNormanconquestin1066,muchoftheEnglishvocabularywasreplacedbywordsborrowedfromFrenchandLatin.3oldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.Ithasacompletesystemofdeclensionswithfourcasesandconjunction.SyntheticlanguageisonewhichshowstherelationofwordsinasentencelargelybymeansofinflectionDeclension:theinflectionofnousandpronounsandadjectivesinIndo-EuropeanlanguageConjugation:theinflectionofverbsNativelanguagearethefoundationandthecoreoftheEnglishvocabularyAliensarewordsborrowedfromaforeignlanguageDenizensarewordstakenfromaforeignlanguagewithatransformationoftheforeignsoundandspellingTranslation-loansarewordsborrowedfromforeignlanguagebymeansoftranslationSemanticborrowings:wordswhichhaveacquiredanewmeaningundertheinfluenceofotherlanguageSemantics:isamajorbranchoflinguisticsdevotedtothestudyofmeaning.3单元Word:awordisaminimumfreeform,thatistosay,thesmallestformthatmayappearinisolation.Morpheme:isthesmallestsignificantunitofspeechAllomorph:avariantphonologicalrepresentationofamorphemeFreeform:isonewhichcanoccurasaseparateword.Boundform:isonewhichcannotoccuronitsownasaseparateword.Motivation:istherelationshipbetweenthestructureofawordanditsmeaning.Fullwords:nouns,adjectives,verbs,numerals,adverbsarefullwordsornotionalwords,becausetheyare‘autosemantic’,meaningfulinthemselves,eveniftheyappearinisolation.Fullwordsfunctionasindependentmembersinsentences.Form(-)words:articles,prepositions,pronouns,pronominaladverbs代词性副词andthelikeareform-wordsirfunctionalwords.Theyare‘synsemantic’,meaningfulonlywhenusedinconjunctionwithotherwords.Soform-wordshavenoindependentmeaningproper.Popularwords:arewordsusuallyusedinordinaryconversation.Theyareconcernedwithcommonthingsoflife,andareapartofeverydayvocabulary.Learnedwords:arewordscomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversationbutareusedinbooks.Themeaningsoflearnedwordsareknowntoeveryeducatedperson,butthereislittleopportunitytousethemathome.Abstractwords:arewordswhichrefertostates,events,feelings,etc.Concretewords:arewordsconcernedwithobjects,things,etc.Transparentwords:ormotivatedwordswhoseformationcanbeexplained.Opaquewords:ornon-motivatedwordsarewordswhoseformationcannotbeexplained.Colloquialism:areusedinordinary,familiar,orinformalconversation.Vulgarism:arewordsnotusuallyusedbyeducatedpersonsJargon:isakindoflanguagethatishardtounderstandbecauseitisfullofspecialwordsknownonlytothepeopleofacertaingroup.Argot:isakindofspeechspokenandunderstoodbyasmallclassofpeople,esp.thieves.Linguisticcontext:referstolexicalandgrammaticalcontext.Thatistosay,thecontextdetermineswhichmeaningoutofallthepossiblemeanings,includinglexicalandgrammaticalmeaning,istobeattachedtotheword.Non-linguisticcontext:referstocontextofsituation,cultureandstyle.Phaticcommunion:isusedtoestablishcommonthoughtandfeeling.Synonyms:arelexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeanings.Doublets:pairedwordswhereanativewordisopposedtooneborrowedfromLatin,GreekorFrench.Triplets:agroupofthreewordswherethenativewordisthesimplestandmostordinary,theLatinwordortheGreekwordislearned,whereastheFrenchonestandsbetweenthenativewordandtheLatinwordortheGreekword.Antonyms:arewordsoppositeinmeaning.Polysemy:isatermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Thatistosay,thesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.Radiation:referstoaprocessofsense-shiftinwhichtheoriginalmeaningofawordistobeconsideredasthecentralmeaningandtheothermeaningsarederivedfromitConcatenation:referstoaprocessofsense-shiftinwhichtheoriginalmeaningofawordmaybelostonothermeanings,thatistosay,othermeaningsofawordproducedarenotconnectedwithitsprimarysense4单元Neologismz/Newword:newlycoinedwordthatisgivennewmeaningstofitnewsituationsandnewneedsbecauseofthesocial,economic,political,cultural,esp.scientificandtechnicalchangesinthegivenperiodinhumansociety.Nonceword:isusedonlyonceorcoinedforoneparticularoccasionandneveroccuragain.Archaism:isanobsoleteword,whichisnotusednowexceptforspecialpurposes.Obsoleteword:wordwhichisnotusednowexceptforspecialpurposes.Metaphor:ametaphorisafigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butthiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Metonymy:isanimportantfactorintheshiftofmeaningthatinvol