23.1.13.1.1差分的定义差分的定义•连续函数,采样后为()ft()fkT简写()fk一阶向前差分:二阶向前差分:()(1)()fkfkfk2()(1)()fkfkfk(2)2(1)()fkfkfkn阶向前差分:11()(1)()nnnfkfkfk一阶向后差分:二阶向后差分:n阶向后差分:11()()(1)nnnfkfkfk()()(1)fkfkfk2()[()]()2(1)(2)fkfkfkfkfk33.1.23.1.2差分方程差分方程•差分方程是确定时间序列的方程连续系统22()/()/()()dctdtadctdtbctkrt微分用差分代替222()/()(2)2(1)()dctdtctckckck()/(1)()dctdtckck[(2)2(1)()][(1)()]()()ckckckackckbckkrk(2)(2)(1)(1)()()ckackabckkrk12(2)(1)()()ckackackkrk一般离散系统的差分方程:12()(1)(2)()ncknacknacknackL1()(1)()ombrkmbrkmbrkL+差分方程还可用向后差分表示为:12()(1)(2)()nckackackacknL01()(1)()mbrkbrkbrkmLmnmn()ck代替()ct代替()rk()rt