10.汉译英练习及答案

汉译英理论与实践教程程永生著练习参考答案说明此次更新，为全部《汉译英理论与实践练习及参考答案》制作了课件，但考虑到网络空间，此处仅提供样品。目录第一章汉语词语英译第二章现代汉语句子英译第三章现代汉语段落英译第四章汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译第一章汉语词语英译第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制第二节汉语成语与熟语英译第三节汉语人名地名英译第四节汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译第五节汉语中带数字的词语英译第六节汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译第七节现代汉语时新词语英译第一章汉语词语英译第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制第二节汉语成语与熟语英译第三节汉语人名地名英译第四节汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译第五节汉语中带数字的词语英译第六节汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译第七节现代汉语时新词语英译第一节汉语词语与词语翻译机制AnswerstoQuestions1—5AnswertoQuestion1TheChineselexicalitemsmainlyconsistofwordsandphrases,includingidioms,setphrases,proverbs,allegoricalsayingsandsoon.Chineselexicalitemscanbedividedintermsofpartsofspeech,functionandsoon.Intermsofpartsofspeech,Chineselexicalitems,especiallywords,canbedividedintonouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,interjections,etc.Intermsoffunction,Chineselexicalitemscanfallintoordinarywords,properwords,technicalterms,andsoon,aswellassayings,includingidioms,setphrases,proverbs,allegoricalsayings,etc.AnswertoQuestion2ActuallyanyunitofaChinesetextcanserveasthebearerofChinesecultureandconstitutespartoftheChineseculture,butChineselexicalitems,inasense,embodytheChineseculturemoretypicallythanothers,atleastseeminglymoretypically.Forexample,foryears,wehaveintroducedEnglishsentencepatternsintotheChineselanguagesothatwhenwesay“如果你不来，我们就不给你留位子了”，wecannotsayforsurethatitisatypicalChinesesentencefreefromanyEnglishinfluence,AnswertoQuestion2(continued)fortheEnglishtranslationwouldbe,tosomeextent,structurallyaChineseequivalent:Ifyoudonotcome,wewillnotkeeptheseatforyou.Suchsententialsimilaritiescanbeeasilylocatedinbothlanguages.However,whenitcomestoaChinesepersonalname,aChineseplacename,anameforaChineseutensil,anameforaChinesearchitecture,aChineseidiom,aChinesesetphrase,aChineseproverb,AnswertoQuestion2(continued)aChineseallegoricalsayingandsoon,suchsimilaritiescanhardlyreadilybefound,andalltheseitemscannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutreferringtotheChineseculture.Forexample,whenwesay四合院，itwillconjuresupapicturedifferentfromanEnglishflat.Intermsofvalue,indeSaussre”ssense,theChinese叔叔isnotworthasmuchastheEnglishuncle.AnswertoQuestion3FortranslationoflexicalitemsfromChineseintoEnglish,therearesuchmechanismsassoundtranslation,meaningtranslation,sound-meaningtranslationandsoon.Occasionally,peopleaddnotestothetranslationofChineselexicalitemsorstretchthetranslationtoaprolongedlengthtoincludetheculturalorsocialmeaningofaparticularChineselexicalitem.However,nomatterbywhatmechanism,wecannotalways,ifwecanonsomeoccasions,revivethemeaningoftheoriginalcompletely.AnswertoQuestion3(continued)Thereasonperhapsisthatbehindthelexicalitemsofalanguage,therestandthetextualgridofthatlanguageandculturalgridorthesocialgridrelevanttothelanguage,inBassenett’sterms.IndeSaussure’sterm,thevalueofawordisdeterminedbythevalueofrelevantwordsinthesamesemanticfield.IntranslationofChineselexicalitemsintoEnglish,wecannottranslatethetextual,culturalorsocialgridoreventhesemanticfieldrelevanttothelexicalitems,AnswertoQuestion3(continued)thoughwecanbyothermeansintroducesomeideasofthegridorthesemanticfield.Asforwhichofthemechanismstochoose,itmuchdependsontheinclinationofthetranslator,thoughonthetranslationsituationaswell.TakethetranslationofthepersonalnamesofADreamofRedMansionsforexample.Someusepinyinwhileothersturntomeaningtranslationandstillothersturntoacombinationofpinyinandmeaningtranslation.AndthepinyinuserscanbedividedintothosewhousethepinyinthatcanbewitnessedinputonghuaandthosewhousethecodesystemofWebster.AnswertoQuestion3(continued)Notethatintheabovediscussion,weusedsoundtranslationinsteadoftransliteration,asoftenusedbysomeChinesetranslationtheoreticians,becausewebelievethattransliterationliterallymeansletterforlettertranslationanditisoften,ifnotalways,employedbyWesterntheoreticianaccordingly.AnswertoQuestion4Foruniversitystudents,translationmainlymeansrenderingtheoriginalintothetargetbychoosingproperlexicalitemsandpropersentencepatterns.Generallyspeaking,theyarenotexpectedtotransplanttheseedaswedointranslationofaChinesepoemintoEnglishortheotherwayround,noraretheyexpectedtodoanythingmoresophisticatedthantotranslateapassageofprose,realorfictional.ItisinthissensethatwesaythattranslationoflexicalitemsfromChineseintoEnglishisademandingtaskforuniversitystudents.Forothers,however,thestatementmaynotapply.AnswertoQuestion4(continued)Anotheraccountforthestatementmaylieinthefactthatlexicalitemsareextremelycloselyrelatedtothedifferencesofthetwoculturesthattakethetwolanguagesastheircodesystems,aswasdiscussedintheaboveanswer.AnswertoQuestion5Wefirmlybelievethatitistheinherentdefectoftranslation.Taketranslationofthethreenamesof贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗forexample.DuetothefactthatChineseandEnglisharetotallydifferentlanguagesthattransliterationcannotapplyinthiscase,thenormalpracticefortranslationofthethreenamesisbypinyin.However,intheformofChinesecharacter,JiaBaoyumaybeconsideredasacrosscousinofLinDaiyuontheonehandandacrosscousinofXueBaochaiontheother.AnswertoQuestion5(continued)Also,theChinesecharacter黛tellstheChinesereaderthatLinDaiyumayprobablybeafemaleandtheChinesec