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EnglishSpeech(英语演讲)西方人把“舌头、美元和电脑”当作当今的“三大战略武器”；刘勰在《文心雕龙·论说》中写道“一人之辩，重于九鼎之宝，三寸之舌，强于百万之师”之说；著名演说家林肯曾说：“口才辅佐事业成功。”里根的“口价”每小时6万美金。由此可见，对于立志成为开拓型、创造型、复合型的青年人来说，英语口才显得尤其重要。Halftheworldiscomposedofpeoplewhohavesomethingtosayandcan't;theotherhalfhavenothingtosayandkeepsayingit.1.演讲的界说指在特定的时空环境中，以有声语言和相应的体态语言为手段，公开向听众传递信息，表述见解，阐明事理，抒发感情，以期达到感召听众的目的。2.演讲的特征a)演讲是一种具有现实性和艺术性的社会实践活动b)演讲必须在特定的时空环境中进行c)演讲离不开有声语言与体态语言3.演讲的社会功能•政治斗争的有力武器•经济活动的理想筹码•传播知识的有效途径•人才考核的重要尺度美国的大学，不管是理工科还是文史类，都把基础作文法和演讲学规定为必修。日本、新加坡等国规定：政府工作人员要进行3个月到半年的演讲训练才能上岗工作。4.演讲类型•可从目的、场合、内容、表现手法、演讲者的身份、准备情况等角度划分。•MemorizedSpeech:背诵讲稿，演说时凭记忆讲出；•ExtemporeSpeech:以纸条写下讲稿提纲，演讲时偶尔拿出参考；•ImpromptuSpeechorExtemporaneousspeaking:毫无准备的即兴演讲；5.备稿演讲（PreparedSpeech）---“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”1）演讲稿的特征：声传性（口语化的文章）；临场性；整体性。2）演讲稿的结构：“凤头豹尾”“虎头蛇尾”A.Introduction(1)设问式开头(2)叙事式开头AbrahamLincoln’sGettysburgAddresseg1.Fourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,anewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.(3)解题式开头(4)明旨式开头eg2.RonaldReaganleadsthenationinmourningforthesevenastronautskilledintheSpaceShuttleChallengerExplosion,Washington,D.C.,January28,1986.Ladiesandgentlemen:I'dplannedtospeaktoyoutonighttoreportonthestateoftheUnion,buttheeventsofearliertodayhaveledmetochangethoseplans.Todayisadayformourningandremembering.NancyandIarepainedtothecorebythetragedyoftheshuttleChallenger.Weknowwesharethispainwithallofthepeopleofourcountry.Thisistrulyanationalloss.(5)抒情式开头eg3.Iamhappytojoinwithyoutodayinwhatwillgodowninhistoryasthegreatestdemonstrationforfreedominthehistoryofournation.(IHaveaDream)(6)示物式开头B.BodyC.Conclusion(1)总结式结尾(2)感召式结尾eg4.Andletmesaytoeveryonelisteningorwatchingtonight:Whenthetroopswe'vesentinfinishtheirwork,I'mdeterminedtobringthemhomeassoonaspossible.Tonight,asourforcesfight,theyandtheirfamiliesareinourprayers.MayGodblesseachandeveryoneofthem,andthecoalitionforcesatoursideintheGulf,andmayHecontinuetoblessournation,theUnitedStatesofAmerica.(3)抒情式结尾(4)警言式结尾(5)呼应式结尾eg5.ThecrewofthespaceshuttleChallengerhonoredusbythemannerinwhichtheylivedtheirlives.Wewillneverforgetthem,northelasttimewesawthem,thismorning,astheypreparedfortheirjourneyandwavedgoodbye,andslippedthesurlybondsofearthtotouchthefaceofGod.6.即兴演讲(ImpromptuSpeech)Animpromptuspeechisonedeliveredonthespurofthemomentwithnospecificpreparation.即兴演讲的特点：•演讲者依据现场感受，临时发表演讲，靠的是“临阵磨枪”，准备仓促。•主题单一，篇幅短小，容量有限，时间短促，往往只有三、五分钟。从字数上来说，只有三、五百字左右。•由于即兴演讲的场合特殊，发言时间又不能过长，所以特别要做到立意深刻、内容新颖、构思敏捷、语言简洁。7.演讲技巧1）克服心理障碍，树立演讲的自信心TheodoreRoosevelt,“Everynewpublicspeakerwillfeelnervous.Nervousnessdoesn’tmeancowardice,butanexceedingstimulateinnervousness.”2)准备周全，有备无患AbrahamLincoln,“Amancan’tmakeasystematicspeechwithoutfullpreparation,eventhoughhemaybecapable.”Hewhofailstoplanisplanningforfailure.•1.Speaker•2.Message•3.Audience•4.Channel•5.Feedback•6.Noise•7.SettingAsaspeakeryoushouldanalyzeyourlistenersandthendecidehowtopresentyourideas.Thisanalysismightincludeconsiderationsrelatedto:-Age-Sex-MaritalStatus-Race-Geographiclocation-Groupmembership-Education-Career3)口齿要清晰，语音语调要准确、流畅、自然；停顿、节奏要明朗；语速、音高和声音刚柔要处理恰当，尽可能给听众一种美的享受。4)巧用人称代词，拉近与听众的距离。•MyfellowAmericans•You,your,Youshould,Youmust…5)避免过多使用主观色彩太强的词句。•Ithink,Ifeel,Iamsure,Maybe,Theysayetc.6）使用短句比长句更佳。7）巧妙运用英语中的修辞手段。•a)WeleftAmericasafe,weleftAmericasecure,weleftAmericafree——stillabeaconofhopetomankind,stillalightuntonations.(RonaldReagan)•b)Nowisthetimetomakerealthepromisesofdemocracy.Nowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofsegregationtothesunlitofracialjustice.Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood.(MartinLutherKing)•c)Wewillbecandid,consistent,andconfident.(GeralFord)•d)Thetaskisheavy,thetoilislong,andthetrialswillbesevere.(WinstonChurchill)8.演讲的评议1)演讲的内容：主要评议演讲的主题、材料、结构。主题是灵魂；材料是血肉；结构是骨架。（50%）•Wewilldealnotsomuchwithspeechesthatsoundgoodaswithspeechesthataregoodandsound.Notsomuchwithspeechesthatbringpeopletotheirfeetaswithspeechesthatbringpeopletotheirsenses.(MarioCuomo)2)有声语言表达技巧：主要评议文词、发音和可闻度。文词要求准确、鲜明、生动，“上口入耳”，优美风趣；发音要求准确清晰、清亮圆润，符合英语发音规范；可闻度要求声音洪亮，声调抑扬顿挫，富有感情，有强烈的感染力。（20%）3)体态语言表达技巧：主要评议眼神运用、面部表情、手势动作、举止仪表。（20%）4）现场效果：主要考察演讲者的控场能力，考察演讲者如何利用听众的反馈信息进行增删调整，使演讲顺利进行。（10%）Summary→Aspeechneedstimetogrow.Prepareforweeks,sleeponit,dreamaboutitandletyourideassinkintoyoursubconscious.Askyourselfquestions,writedownyourthoughts,andkeepaddingnewideas.Asyouprepareeveryspeechaskyourselfthefollowingquestions.1.Inoneconcisesentence,whatisthepurposeofthisspeech?2.Whoistheaudience?Whatistheirmaininterestinthistopic?3.WhatdoIreallyknowandbelieveaboutthistopicasitrelatestothisaudience?4.WhatadditionalresearchcanIdo?5.Whatarethemainpointsofthispresentation?6.WhatsupportinginformationandstoriescanIusetosupporteachofmymainpoints?7.Whatvisualaids,ifany,doIneed?8.DoIhaveaneffectiveopeninggrabber?9.Inmyfinalsummary,howwillIplantotellthemWhat'sInItForMe?10.HaveIpolishedandpreparedthelanguageandwordsIwilluse?11.HaveIpreparedawrittenandconciseintroductionformyself?12.HaveItakencareofthelittledetailsthatwillhelpmespeakmorec