商务英语期末复习重点

Thefourc’smodelforevaluatinghumanresources(评价人力资源的四个C模式)：1:competence2:commitment3:congruence4:costeffectivenessWhatiscorporateculture?(什么是企业文化？)：isdescribedasthepersonalityofanorganization,orsimplyashowthingsaredonearoundhere.isabroadtermusedtodefinetheuniquepersonalityorcharacterofaparticularcompanyororgannization,andincludessuchelementsascorevaluesandbeliefs,corporateethics,andrulesofbehavior.Anorganization’scultureistransmittedindifferentways,includinglongstandingandoftenunwrittenrules,sharedstandardsaboutitsimportance,prejjudices,standardsforsocialetiquetteanddemeanor,establishedcustomsfoehowtorelatetopeersandwhatisandwhatisandisnotappropriatebehavior.Creationofcorporateculture(企业文化的创建)：Threemajiorfactorscontributetotheemergenceoforganizationalculture.Theyarecompanyfounders,ecperiencewiththegenerabusinessandindustryenvironment,andcontactwithothers.Toolsfortransmittingculture(企业文化的传播途径)：symobols,stories,jargon,ceremonies,andstatementsofprincipleWhatisE-commerce?(什么是电子商务)：E-commerceisdoingbusinessthroughelectronicmediaorthepracticeofbuyingandsellingproductsandservicesovertheinternet,utilizingtechnologiessuchastheWeb,ElectronicDataInterchange,email,electronicfundtrancsfersandsmartcards,withoutface-to-facemeetingbetweenthetwopartiesofthetransaction.TypesofE-commerce(电子商务的类型)：intra-organizationalE-commerce;Business-to-Business(B2B)E-commerce;Business-to-Consumer(B2C)E-Commerce;Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C)E-Commerce;Government-to-Citizen(G2C)E-Commerce;Government-to-Business(G2B)E-CommerceCompensation(报酬)：企业应该对员工进行公平而有竞争性的工资，额外福利一级其他形式的劳动补偿。Aworkforcewillbeaninvalubaleassettotheorganization,andthefirmshouldcompensatethemwithequitableandcompetitivewagesandsalaries,fringebenefitsandotherformsofrewardWhatishumanresourcesmanagement?(什么是人力资源管理？)：Itincludessuchbasicactivitiesashumanresourceplanning,recruitment,selection,socilaization,traininganddevelopment,performanceappraisal,promotions,transfers,demootions,separations,andcompensation.Segmentationbases(细分依据)：Marketerscansegmentconsumermarketsaccordingtogeographic,demographic,psychographic,orbehaviouralisticbases.Demographicsegmentationbasesdivideamarketintermsofpersonalcharactersiticssuchasage,income,education,occupation,sec,race,socialclass,maritalstatus,orfamilysize.Theresearchprocess(调研过程)：五个步骤；Formingtheresearchquestion;researchdesign;datacollection;dataanalysis;choosingthebestsolutionMarketingresearch(市场营销调研)：Marketingresearchistheprocessofsystematicallygathering,analysingandinterpretingdatepertainingtothecompant’smarket,customersandcompetitors,withthegoalofimprovingmarketingdecisions.Soleproprietorships(个人企业)：Anorganizationthatisowned,andusuallymanaged,byonepersoniscalledasoleproprietorship.Disadvantages:theownerispersonallyresponsibleforallaspectsofthebusiness.Hehasunlimitedliability.Ifthebusinessisbeingsued,soisthebusinessowner.Ifthebusinessowesmoney,thebusinessownerisresponsibleforthedebts,andtheownermayhavetousepersonalassetstopay.Partnerships(合伙企业)：Ageneralpartnershipisabusinesswithatleastonegeneralpartnerwhohasunlimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthebusiness.Alimitedartnershipisanarrangementwhereapersoncancontributetoabusinesswithoutbeinginvolvedintheaffairsofthepartnershipp.Mergers&Acquisitions(企业兼并和收购)：有三种，Ahorizontalmergerjoinsfirmsinthesameindustryandallowsthemtodicersifyorexpandtheirproducts.Averticalmergeristhejoiningoftwofirmsinvolvedindifferentstagesofrelatedbusinesses-amanufacturermerginwithaaspplierofcomponentproducts,oramanufacturermergingwithadistributorofitsproducts.Apotentialcompetitionmerger(conglomerate)unitesfirmsincompletelyunrelatedindustries.Themarketingconcept(市场营销观念)：Themarketingconceptisthephilosophythatfirmsshouldanalyzetheneedsoftheircustomersandthenmakedecisionstosatisfythoseneeds,betterthanthecompetition.Differencebetweensellingandmarketing(销售与营销的差别)：Selling:1emphasisisontheproduct,2companyfirstmakestheproductandthenfiguresouthowtosellit3managementissales-volumeoriented,4planningisshor-run,intermsoftoday’sproductsandmarkets.5stressesneedsofseller.Marketing:1emphasisisoncustomers’wants.2conpanyfirstdeterminescustomers’wantsandthenfiguresouthowtomakeanddeliveraproducttosatisfythosewants.3managementisprofit-oriented.4planningislongterm,inthesenseofnewproducts,tomorrow’smarkets,andfuturegrowth.5stresseswantsofbuyers.