关于滑坡的一些专业术语概念(英文)

Landslide&SlopeInstabilityGeohazardsLandslideclassificationManysystemshavebeenproposedfortheclassificationoflandslides,however,themostcommonlyadoptedsystemsarethoseofVarnes(1978)andHutchinson(1988).In1991aEuropeanclassificationwasdevelopedfromtheEPOCH(1991-1993)project(TheTemporalOccurrenceandForecastingofLandslidesintheEuropeanCommunity,Contractno.900025).TheEPOCHclassificationwassimpleandsuitableforEuropeanconditions.Dikauetal(1996)producedaclassificationoflandslidemechanisms,compatiblewithHutchinson(1988)andEPOCH(1993).TheInternationalGeotechnicalSocieties'UNESCOWorkingPartyonWorldLandslideInventory(WP/WLI)wasformedfortheInternationaldecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction(1990to2000).TheWP/WLI(1990)reportASuggestedMethodforReportingaLandslideusesVarnes'(1978)classificationandreportsthatitisthemostwidelyused.TheWorldRoadAssociation(PIARC)reportLandslides:TechniquesforEvaluatingHazard(Escarioetal.,1997)alsopresentsaclassificationbasedonVarnes.ThelandslideclassificationbasedonVarnes'(1978)systemhastwoterms:thefirsttermdescribesthematerialtypeandthesecondtermdescribesthetypeofmovement.ThematerialtypesusedbythevariousschemesareRock,Earth,Soil,MudandDebris,beingclassifiedasfollows:Rock:is“ahardorfirmmassthatwasintactandinitsnaturalplacebeforetheinitiationofmovement”.Soil:is“anaggregateofsolidparticles,generallyofmineralsandrocks,thateitherwastransportedorwasformedbytheweatheringofrockinplace.Gasesorliquidsfillingtheporesofthesoilformpartofthesoil”.Earth:“describesmaterialinwhich80%ormoreoftheparticlesaresmallerthan2mm,theupperlimitofsandsizedparticles”.Mud:“describesmaterialinwhich80%ormoreoftheparticlesaresmallerthan0.06mm,theupperlimitofsiltsizedparticles”.Debris:“containsasignificantproportionofcoarsematerial;20%to80%oftheparticlesarelargerthan2mm,andtheremainderarelessthan2mm”.Thetermsusedshoulddescribethedisplacedmaterialinthelandslidebeforeitwasdisplaced.Thetypesofmovementdescribehowthelandslidemovementisdistributedthroughthedisplacedmass.Thefivekinematicallydistincttypesofmovementaredescribedinthesequencefall,topple,slide,spreadandflow.CombiningthetwotermsgivesclassificationssuchasRockfall,Rocktopple,Debrisslide,Debrisflow,Earthslide,Earthspreadetc.MultilinguallandslideglossaryThefollowingprovidesasummaryoflandslideterminologywhichshould(foruniformityofpractice)beadoptedwhenclassifyinganddescribingalandslide.IthasbeenbasedonCruden&Varnes(1996)andthereaderisrecommendedtorefertotheoriginaldocumentsforamoredetaileddiscussion,otherterminologyandfurtherexamplesoflandslidetypesandprocesses.TerminologyoflandslidesusedinTheMultilingualLandslideGlossary;profileandplanviews.Seebelowforexplanationofnumbers.AfterWP/WLI(1993).(ImageSource:Cooper,R.G.(2007)MassMovementsinGreatBritain,GeologicalConservationReviewSeries,No.33,JointNatureConservationCommittee,Peterborough,348pp.)1.Crown:Thepracticallyundisplacedmaterialstillinplaceandadjacenttothehighestpartsofthemainscarp.2.MainScarp:Asteepsurfaceontheundisturbedgroundattheupperedgeofthelandslide,causedbymovementofthedisplacedmaterialawayfromtheundisturbedground.Itisthevisiblepartifthesurfaceofrupture.3.Top:Thehighestpointofcontactbetweenthedisplacedmaterialandthemainscarp.4.Head:Theupperpartsofthelandslidealongthecontactbetweenthedisplacedmaterialandthemainscarp.5.MinorScarp:Asteepsurfaceonthedisplacedmaterialofthelandslideproducedbydifferentialmovementswithinthedisplacedmaterial.6.MainBody:Thepartofthedisplacedmaterialofthelandslidethatoverliesthesurfaceofrupturebetweenthemainscarpandthetoeofthesurfaceofrupture.7.Foot:Theportionofthelandslidethathasmovedbeyondthetoeofthesurfaceofruptureandoverliestheoriginalgroundsurface.8.Tip:Thepointofthetoefarthestfromthetopofthelandslide.9.Toe:Thelower,usuallycurvedmarginofthedisplacedmaterialofalandslide,itisthemostdistantfromthemainscarp.10.SurfaceofRupture:Thesurfacewhichforms(orwhichhasformed)thelowerboundaryofthedisplacedmaterialbelowtheoriginalgroundsurface.11.ToeoftheSurfaceofRupture:Theintersection(usuallyburied)betweenthelowerpartofthesurfaceofruptureofalandslideandtheoriginalgroundsurface.12.SurfaceofSeparation:Thepartoftheoriginalgroundsurfaceoverlainbythefootofthelandslide.13.DisplacedMaterial:Materialdisplacedfromitsoriginalpositionontheslopebymovementinthelandslide.Itformsboththedepletedmassandtheaccumulation.14.ZoneofDepletion:Theareaofthelandslidewithinwhichthedisplacedmaterialliesbelowtheoriginalgroundsurface.15.ZoneofAccumulation:Theareaofthelandslidewithinwhichthedisplacedmaterialliesabovetheoriginalgroundsurface.16.Depletion:Thevolumeboundedbythemainscarp,thedepletedmassandtheoriginalgroundsurface.17.DepletedMass:Thevolumeofthedisplacedmaterial,whichoverliestherupturesurfacebutunderliestheoriginalgroundsurface.18.Accumulation:Thevolumeofthedisplacedmaterial,whichliesabovetheoriginalgroundsurface.19.Flank:Theundisplacedmaterialadjacenttothesidesoftherupturesurface.Compassdirectionsarepreferableindescribingtheflank