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现在完成时1．现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注：has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他所有人称。2．现在完成时的用法：（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如：①Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.②Haveyoueverriddenahorse?③Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.④Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.⑤I’vejustlostmysciencebook.有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：for和since，以及sofar,by/untilnow,today,thisweek(month,year),in/over/forthepastfewyears等。①Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.②ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.③Theyhavelivedheresince1990.④WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。◎共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately,for+一段时间等。◎现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,severaltimes,等不确定的时间状语。1.I________(live)inLondonformanyyears,butI'veneverregrettedmydecisiontomovebacktoChina.2.IknowalittlebitaboutItalyasmywifeandI_________(go)thereseveralyearsago.3.I_________(see)thatfilmbefore.It’saboutasoldierinWorldWarI.4.Withtherapidgrowthofpopulation,thecity_____________(spread)inalldirectionsinthepastfiveyears.5.She_________(stay)athomeand_______(start)workinginarestaurantelevenmonthsago.6.Judyisgoingtomarrythesailorshe__________(meet)inRomelastyear.7.Diegowonthefirstprizefouryearsagoand______(win)iteachyearsincethen.8.Thewater___________(feel)coolwhenIjumpedintothepoolformorningexercise.9.MissLi___________(serve)asasecretaryforfiveyearsinthecompany,andnowsheisageneralmanagerofit.10.We_________(have)threeteststhisterm.11.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I______(meet)herseveraltimes.过去完成时过去完成时：haddone——过去的时间或事件之前所发生的事情，即“过去的过去”过去完成时的用法1、概念：表示过去的过去。-----------|----------------|--------------------|----那时以前那时现在其结构是：had+过去分词2、过去完成时的用法：（1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.（2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.具体用法：在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.过去完成时的时间状语before,after,by,until+过去时间点或before,after,when,once,assoonas+表过去发生的从句。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.1.Shesaidshe________(make)muchprogresssinceshecamehere.2.Danny_______________(work)hardforlongtorealizehisdreamandnowheispopular.3.We_____________(notmeet)ournewneighborsyet,sowedon'tknowtheirnames.4.She________(complete)herstudiesbytheendoflastyear.5.Whenwereachedthehilltop,thesun_______(alreadyrise).6.Thefilm__________(be)onforanhourwhenIgottothecinemayesterday.7.TommarriedMarylastweek.They__________(know)eachothersincetheirschooldays.8.IknewSarahwasverybusy,soI_________(notdisturb)her.9.Thewindowwasopenandabird______(fly)intotheroom.10.He_________(watch)sixteenfilmsbytheendofJanuary.11.I_________(be)theremorethanaweekwhenIsettoworkwiththescientist.12.He_____(work)inthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.