第三讲-Walter-Scott-and-Ivanhoe

1WalterScott(1771-1832)andHisIvanhoe1.WaterScott:lifeandwritinga.originfromoldfamiliesontheScottishborder;b.educationattheUniversityofEdinburgh;c.engagementatlawaftergraduation;d.beginningofpoeticcareer(1802-1803):TheMinstrelsyoftheScottishBorder,TheLadyoftheLake;e.GivingupthecareerforByron’sprominence;f.FirstnovelWaverleyin1814anonymously2(thustheWaverleynovels:27booksof“romance”inatimespanof17years);g.Baronetin1820;h.Failureatapublishingfirm:heavydebt;i.Deathin1832.2.WaterScott:historicalnovela.Scott’sgreatestcontribution:historicalnovel(rangingfromtheMiddleAgestothe19thC.);b.3groupsofhishistoricalnovelNovelsofScottishhistory:Waverley(1814),GuyMannering(1815),OldMorality(1816),3RobRoy(1817),TheHeartofMidlothian(1818);NovelsofEnglishhistory:Ivanhoe(1819),Kenilworth(1821),TheFortuneofNigel(1826),Woodstock(1826),PeverilofthePeak(1822),NovelsofEuropeanhistory:QuentinDurward.3.FeaturesandInfluencea.realisticrepresentationofthepastcombinedwithromanticatmosphere:faithfultothespiritofthepastandaccurateindescribingdetails;glamouroverhisnovelsthroughthepompandpageantryofhistory,setting4andtone–transitionfromromanticismtorealisminthe19thC.Englishliterature;b.easeandmanliness;c.unevenqualityofhisnovels:resultofspeedywriting;d.superficialityinportrayinghumancharacter;e.wideinfluenceandinternationalfame(Leavisseeshimasthebeginnerofabadtradition).54.Ivanhoe(1819)1).Thetitlea.DerivedfromanoldrhymerecordingthenamesofthreemanorsforfeitedbyanoblemanforstrikingtheBlackPrincewithhistennisracket(“Tring,WingandIvanhoewerethethreeestates”);b.Scott’schoiceofthetitle:ithasanancientEnglishsoundanditgivesnoindicationofthesubjectmatterofthestory(lestthereadersshouldexpecttoomuch).62).Thestory(threemajorevents)Fourgenerationsandabout100yearsaftertheNormanConquest,RichardtheLion-Hearted(1157-1199),nowkingofEngland,onreturningfromtheCrusades,wasmadeprisoneroftheDukeofAustria,supportedbyRichard’sbrother,PrinceJohn,whowantedtoseizethethronewiththehelpofhisNormanconfederates.WilfredIvanhoe,sonofCedric,hadbeendisinheritedbyhisfatherfor2reasons:becauseofhisallegiancetoRichard,andbecauseofhisloveforRowena,7wardofCedric,whomCedricintendedasbridetoAthelstane,adescendantofSaxonroyalty.IntheguiseoftheDisinheritedKnight,IvanhoewinsthetournamentatAshby-de-la-ZouchewiththeaidoftheBlackKnightandCrownsRowenahisQueenofBeautyandLove.HesuffersseverewoundsinthecontestandisministeredtobyRebecca,daughteroftheJewishmoneylender,IsaacofYork.OnthewayhomefromthetournamenttheSaxonparty,togetherwiththeJewsandwoundedIvanhoe,8capturedbyDeBracy,whofanciesRowenaashiswife.TheyaretakentothecastleofFront-de-Boeufandimprisonedthere.TheBlackKnight,Locksleyandhisband,Cedric,andothersattackthecastleand,withthehelpofUlrica,anoldSaxonhag,succeedinfreeingtheprisoners.BriandeBois-Guilbert,KnightTemplar,escapestoTemplestowe,takingRebeccawithhim.Rebecca,accusedofsorcery,issentencedtodieasawitch.IvanhoechampionsherinatrialbycombatagainsttheunwillingBois-Guilbert.Rebecca9issetfreewhentheTemplarfallsdeadfromhishorse.TheBlackKnightrevealshimselfasKingRichard,IvanhoeandRowenaaremarriedandRebeccaandherfatherleaveEnglandforCanada.3).BackgroundIssuesforIvanhoea.Chivalry:thecodeofconductthatgovernedtheknightsandnoblemenoftheMiddleAges–respectofwomen,truth,honor,andcourage.b.TheCrusades:warsintendedtodrivetheTurkish10invadersoutoftheHolyLand,esp.Bethlehem,thebirthplaceofChristandJerusalem,wherehewascrucified.Churchmen,princes,knights,andnoblemenunitedintheattemptforreligiouszealandforotherreasons.Therewerealtogether7Crusadesinall,lastingfrom1096to1291,allunsuccessful.c.thefeudalsystemintheMiddleAges:(involvingallsocialclasses)anoblemandivideshislandamonglessernoblesorgentlemenwhobecamehisvassals(theyneedpaycertainrentsandfightforhiminwar).Serfswerethelowestclass.Afewfranklins(freeholders)heldtheirlandsindependently.11d.Knighthood:theaspirationofeveryhighbornyouthunlesshewaspreparingtoenterthechurch.Traininglastedfrom7to21,includingtheuseoflance,sword,battleaxe,andthewearingofarmourFewknightscouldreadorwrite.At21asolemnceremonycompletedthetrainingforknighthood.e.KnightsTemplars:aspecialorderofknightswhosedutywastoguardtheHolySepulchre.Inadditiontothevowsofknighthood,theywereboundnottomarry.Theywerealsotaughttoreadandwrite.Atfirsttheywereformedby12only9poorknightswhodesiredthewholegrouptobepureandpoor.Butgraduallytheycorrupted.f.NormanConquest:takingplacein1066afteradecisivebattleatHastings.ButWilliamtheconquerorandhissuccessorsfoundithardtoenforcetheNormanruleontheconqueredSaxons,andnotuntilthe14thC.didtheinter-mixtureofthetwopeoplesbecomecomplete.g.Plantagenetkings:(rulefrom1154to1458)ThefatherofHenryII,aFrenchman,worea13asprigofyellowbroomflowerinhishelmet,RichardIwasthesecondofthePlantagenetkings.h.RobinHood:alegendaryoutlawwhowasagoodarcherandlivedintheSherwoodForestwithhisband.HewasLocksleyinIvanhoe.I.Thetournaments:importantcontestsintheMiddleAges.Theywereactuallypracticesessionsforwar.Knightsshowedtheirprowessanddevelopedtheirskill.ThetournamentatAshby-de-la-Zoucheactuallytookplace.14