Lesson15基础知识复习-基本句式1英语成人高考复习指导概述句子根据功能划分可分为四种基本句式:①陈述句;②疑问句;③祈使句;④感叹句。3•陈述事实或看法的句子称为陈述句。•陈述句又可分为肯定句和否定句,分别陈述肯定和否定的事实或看法。4Part1:陈述句肯定句•陈述句在肯定事实时采用不同程度的肯定口气。人们在肯定某项事实时往往采用一些委婉的词语,使说话人的态度更有礼貌。上一章中的例句大多为肯定陈述句,在此不多讲。5否定句•否定陈述句主要用来表示否定意向或提出对比,分为带否定词not的否定句和带其他否定词的否定句。6否定句的构成1、在功能词后加否定词not:这样的功能词有:be(is,am,are,was,were),have(has,had),do(does,did),shall(should),will(would),can(could),may(might),must,ought,need,dare等。•Ihavenot/haven’tsaidsuchfoolishwordsbefore.•Hedoesnot/doesn’tmeantohurtyourfeeling.7Note:•上述功能词可与否定词not缩写,其缩写形式分别如下:isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t,haven’t,hasn’t,hadn’t,don’t,doesn’t,didn’t,shan’t=(shallnot),shouldn’t,won’t=(willnot),wouldn’t,can’t,couldn’t,mayn’t(少用),mightn’t,mustn’t,oughtn’t,needn’t,daren’t等。8Note:•这些功能词有的也可与主语缩写,其缩写形式分别如下:‘m=(am),‘s=(is,has),re=(are),‘ve=(have),‘d=(had,would),‘ll=(shall,will)等。I’venotsaidsuchfoolishwordsbefore.9否定句的构成2、若谓语动词中原无功能词,则加特殊功能词do,does,did。•Thismaterialconductselectricity.•Thismaterialdoesnotconductelectricity.•Shewenttheretoseehimveryoften.•Shedidnotgotheretoseehimveryoften.10否定句的构成3、在句中使用其他否定否定词:否定副词hardly,never,seldom,little,neither,nor,nowhere等,否定的不定代词nobody,none,noone,nothing,neither,few,little,no等。•Nohonestmanwouldlie.•Ineversmoke.•Ididnothingtobeashamedof.•Itwillgetyounowhere.(那会使你徒劳无功)11否定句的构成4、非肯定词的使用:否定句和各种疑问句中通常要使用表示否定意义的非肯定词:any,anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere,either,ever,yet,anymore,anylonger,atall等。•Idon’tthinkthere’sanythingwrongwithanybodyelse.•Shelittlethoughtthathewoulddoanyharmtoher.12Note:•相应的肯定句中则要使用肯定词:some,someone,somebody,something,somewhere,aswell,sometimes,already,still等。•Ithinkthere’ssomethingwrongwithsomebodyelse.•Shedidthinkthathewoulddosomeharmtoher.13Note:•把肯定句改成否定句的时候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词,如果有也必须进行改变:•already要改成yet;•some、something、somebody等分别改成any、anything、anybody等。•Theyhadsomeancient-lookingclotheskeptintheattic(阁楼).→•Theydidnot/didn’thave/hadnot/hadn’tanyancient-lookingclotheskeptintheattic.14Note:•另外,肯定句改成否定句的时候还要注意以下变化:•too改成either;•both改成neither,•all改成none等.•AlloftheengineersinourcompanycanspeakverygoodFrench.→•NoneoftheengineersinourcompanycanspeakverygoodFrench.•Bothofthemaregoodstudent.→•Neitherofthemisgoodstudent.15•肯定句中功能词must做情态动词使用时,变否定句要根据语义情况改成needn’t或can’t。•Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththeengineofhercar.•Therecan’tbeanythingwrongwiththeengineofhercar.•Youmustbuyanewhousesomewhereforyoutoliveinthefuture.•Youneedn’tbuyanynewhouseanywhereforyoutoliveinthefuture.16Note:Note:(1)肯定句含有every-的合成词时,变否定句时改为no-。•Everythingisready.→Nothingisready.(2)肯定句中含有always,usually和ever时,变否定句时改为never。•Heisalwayslateforschool.→Heisneverlateforschool.(3)肯定句含有many,much时,变否定句时分别改为few,little。•Manystudentsknowhim.→Fewstudentsknowhim.17Note:(4)肯定句中含有still时,变否定句时应改为nolonger。•Tomisstillinbed.→Tomisnolongerinbed.(5)肯定句含有nearly,almost时,变否定句时应改为hardly。•Lilynearlyknowshim.→Lilyhardlyknowshim.(6)肯定句含有“形容词+enough”时,变为否定句时应改为“too+形容词的反义词”。•Heisshortenoughtoreachit→Heistootalltoreachit.EXERCISE:将肯定陈述句变为否定陈述句1.Someofushavefinisheditalready.2.Itoldsomebodysomething.3.Icanunderstandbothofthesetwoquestions.4.Thereissomeonedoingresearchinthisfield.5.Ihavequitealottodointhemorning.↘Someofushavenotfinishedityet.↘Ididn’ttellanybodyanything.↘Icannotunderstandeitherofthesetwoquestions↘Thereisn’tanybodydoingresearchinthisfield.↘Ineverhavemuchtodointhemorning.•疑问句是指提出问题,请对方回答的句子。疑问句句末要用问号。•按结构可分为四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。20Part2:疑问句一般疑问句•一般疑问句是用yes或no回答的问句,故也可称为“yes-no”疑问句(是否型疑问句)。•一般疑问句句末用升调或降升调,答话者用功能词简略回答。21一般疑问句的构成•谓语动词中原来有功能词时将功能词移至句首;•原来无功能词时,则在句首加特殊功能词do,does,did。221、含有be动词的一般疑问句,通常把be动词调到句首。•陈述句:Theyareintheswimmingpool.•一般疑问句:Aretheyintheswimmingpool?•回答:-Yes,theyare.-No,theyaren’t.23一般疑问句的构成2、含有情态动词的一般疑问句(can,may...),把情态动词调到句首。•陈述句:Hecandriveacar.•一般疑问句:Canhedriveacar?•回答:-Yes,hecan.-No,hecan’t.24一般疑问句的构成3、含有have的一般疑问句,have译为“有”。一般疑问句式有两种形式:A.把have/has调到句首。•陈述句:Tommyhasacomputer.•一般疑问句:HasTommy/heacomputer?•回答:-Yes,hehas.-No,hehasn’t.一般疑问句的构成B.加助动词do/does,第三人称单数用does,其他人称用do。其句型为:Do/Does+主语+have...?例如上句可变为:•陈述句:Tommyhasacomputer.•一般疑问句:DoesTommyhaveacomputer?•回答:-Yes,hedoes.-No,hedoesn’t.一般疑问句的构成4、一般现在时中实义动词(句中无功能词)做谓语的一般疑问句,要借助助动词do/does,第三人称单数用does,其余人称用do。其句型为:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其它?•陈述句:AmyspeaksEnglish.•一般疑问句:DoesAmyspeakEnglish?•回答:-Yes,hedoes.-No,hedoesn’t.一般疑问句的构成5、一般过去时中实义动词(句中无功能词)做谓语的一般疑问句,要借助助动词did,其句型为:Did+主语+动词原形+其它?•陈述句:Shelikedanimalsinthepast.•一般疑问句:Didshelikeanimalsinthepast?•回答:-Yes,hedid.-No,hedidn’t.一般疑问句的构成Note:•一般现在时和一般过去时的句子加助动词变为一般疑问句时,不要忘记把谓语动词改为动词原形。如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。•Shelikedanimalsinthepast.→•Didshelikeanimalsinthepast?•Wewenttotheexhibitionlastweek.→•Didyougototheexhibitionlastweek?296、复合句变一般疑问句通常只变主句,从句不变。•IknowhecomesfromCanada.•→DoyouknowhecomesfromCanada?•-Yes,Ido.•-No,Idon’t.30一般疑问句的构成Note:•在把肯定句改成一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词,如果有某些情况下也必须进行改变:•already要改成yet;•some、something、somebody等分别改成any、anything、anybody等。•Thereissomewaterontheplayground.→Isthereanywaterontheplayground?31Note:•一般情况下,一般疑问句肯定句中用some,否定和疑问句中用any.•I’dbeenexpectingsomelettersthewholemorning,butthereweren’tanyforme.•Do