CMOS成像芯片介绍嘉骏信息科技有限公司2011/12CMOS成像芯片介绍•Thephotonwillbetothe21stcenturywhattheelectronwastothe20th“,Sen.DanielMoynihan,NewYorker,20.3.2000CMOS成像芯片介绍•CMOS芯片结构和功能•像素(Pixel)结构•ColorFilterArray和MicrolensArray•快门模式(shutter)•性能指标参数•CMOS与CCD的对比•芯片厂商介绍CMOS结构和功能CMOS结构和功能•PixelArray–像素阵列–决定芯片的分辨率VGA、1M、2M、3M、5M..–ActivePixelArrary有效像素阵列–通常有一定的黑边(BlackRow/Column)•Sequencer–时序发生器–产生像素阵列所需的时序–像素Reset,输出时间,采样时间等•X/Y-addressing–X/Y寻址–行地址和列地址,可以选择输出的窗口(ROI)•ColumnAmplifier–列放大器CMOS结构和功能•AnalogMux–模拟选择开关–轮流对像素采样•ADC–模数转换–精度10比特,12比特•Postprocessing–图像后处理–简单的RAW格式输出–SOC型,包括2A,RGB-YUV,甚至JPEG•Interface-接口–通用并行接口:Pixelclock,LV,FV,data–串行:MIPI(CSI),Hispi(Aptina)…像素(Pixel)结构•光子打击PN结,将电子能量提高,形成自由电子,产生电荷像素(Pixel)结构•APS–ActivePixelSensor•由JPL的EricFossum教授发明像素(Pixel)结构ColorFilterArray和MicrolensArray•ColorFilterArrar–每一个像素只采集一种颜色信息–Bayer格式•MicrolensArray:–在每一个像素上都有一个微镜头提高采光效率(QE)Bayer格式像素示意图快门模式(shutter)•机械快门–1.TheintegrationtimeoftheCMOSimager’selectronicshutterisadjustedsothatallthepixelsareintegratinglightatthesametime;–2.Themechanicalshutterisopened;–3.Thephotoflashisfired;–4.Themechanicalshutterisclosed;–5.Theimagerisreadout.快门模式(shutter)•电子滚动快门(rollingshutter)–1.Theintegrationtimeoftheimagerisadjustedsothatallthepixelsareintegratingsimultaneouslyforthedurationofthephotoflash;–2.Theresetprocessprogressesthroughtheimagerowbyrowuntiltheentireimagerisreset;–3.Thephotoflashisfired;–4.Theimagerisreadoutrowbyrowuntiltheentireimagerisreadout.快门模式(shutter)•电子全局快门(Globalshutter)–1.Allthepixelsoftheimagerareresetsimultaneously;–2.Thephotoflashisfired;–3.Theaccumulatedchargesateachpixelaretransferredsimultaneouslytolightshieldedstorageareas;–4.Thelightshieldedareasoftheimagerarereadout.性能指标参数•分辨率–CIF320x240,VGA640x480,720p1280x720–1080p1920x1080….•像素大小(PixelSize)–像素越大,感光度(Sensitivity)就越高–MT9P031:2.2微米,OV9712:3微米,iMX036:3微米(?)•动态范围–能分辨的最大亮度/底线噪声(NoiseFloor)–受A/D比特限制:16bit最大96dB,12bit72dB性能指标参数•信噪比–信号/当前信号下的噪声•感光度Sensitivity(V/(lux*Second))•帧率,时钟频率•噪声–时域噪声(TemporalNoise)•基本噪声(photonshotnoise,resetnoise)•热噪声(thermalNoise)•器件噪声(EMI,ADC…)–固定模式噪声(FixedPatternNoiseFPN)•由MOS管的不均匀性造成CMOS与CCD的对比•CCD–Excellentperformances•Resolution/Speed/Noise/Uniformity(FPN/PRNU)–Maturity/establishedmarket–Technologyofchoicefor•high-endcamcordersanddigitalstillcameras•science,astronomy,medicine,factoryautomation–But•multiplehighsupplyvoltages•powerconsumption•notmainstreamtechnology•nointegratedelectronicsCMOS与CCD的对比•LowerCostandOn-chipintegrationinCMOSCameras•LowpowerusageinCMOSCameras•BetterQualityLowLightImagesinCCDCameras•SmartfunctionsinCMOSCameras•HigherNoiseLevel:CMOS芯片厂商介绍•Aptina•Omnivision•Sony•Panasonic•Altasens