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第22讲状语从句一、状语从句的本质英语中的状语从句有九大类，分别可表示：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。从本质上来讲，状语从句就是用不同的连接词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。状语从句的引导词主要有：状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas1.一些时间名词：themoment,theinstant,theminute,theday,nexttime,everytime；2.一些副词：instantly,immediately,directly3.固定搭配的连词：nosooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when地点状语从句whereWherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句because,as,for,sinceSeeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,giventhat,inthat,inasmuchas,insomuchas目的状语从句sothat,inorderthat,thatLest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat结果状语从句so...that,sothat,such...thatSuchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,tosuchanextentthat条件状语从句if,unlessSuppose,supposing,providing,provided,（特别关注：supposed,provide不用作条件状语从句的连词）,onconditionthat,solongas,aslongas让步状语从句although,though,eventhough,evenifWhile（一般用在句首）,as（用于倒装结构）,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether...or...,as+adj.+as+主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句as,than其他比较句型：themore...,themore...;justas...,so...;AistoBwhat/asCistoD;nomore...than;notAsomuchasB/notsomuchAasB方式状语从句as,theway二、时间状语从句1、when+短暂动词(1)相当于：atthattime，从句谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的动作。a.I'llspeaktohimwhenhearrives.b.I'lltellhimaboutitwhenhecomesback.c.WhenIarrived,hewastalkingonthephone.d.WhenIgotthere,hehadalreadyleft.从句也可接延续动词，这时从句往往用过去进行时态，表示某一时问段内发生的动作。e.ThedoorbellrangwhenIwastelephoning.(2)注意主句和从句的时态搭配，以及不同时态表达的主句动作和从句动作的时间先后关系。例句主从句时态I'llspeaktohimwhenhearrives.I'lltellhimaboutitwhenhecomesback.主句将来时+从句现在时I'llgiveyouacallwhenIhavefinishedthework.I'llgowhenIhavehadmydinner.主句将来时+从句现在完成时Istartedmydinnerwhenheleft/hadleft.HeleftwhenIgot/hadgotthere.主句过去时+从句过去时或过去完成时Ihadstartedmydinnerwhenheleft.HehadalreadyleftwhenIgotthere.主句过去完成时+从句过去时(3)也可用whenever“无论何时”引导时间状语从句。a.WheneveryousayIloveyou,meanit.WheneveryousayI'msorry,lookthepersonrightintheeyes.b.Wheneversomeoneasksyousomethingyoudon'twanttoanswer,smileandaskwhydoyouwanttoknow?c.Smilewheneveryoupickupthephone,forthecallerwillbeabletonoticeit.2、while+延续动词相当于：duringthattime，表示某一时间段内发生的动作，因此，从句谓语动词通常接延续动词。a.ThephonerangwhileIwastakingmybath.b.ThedoorbellrangwhilewewerewatchingTV.c.Adetectivearrestedacriminalandwasabouttohandcuff(v.上手铐)himwhenahugegust(n.一阵狂风)ofwindblewthedetective'shatoff.ShallIgoandfetchit?thecriminalasked.Doyoutakemeforafool?askedthedetective.YouwaitherewhileIgoandgetit!d.Iwaswalkingalongtheroadsuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulderfrombehind.A.immediatelyB.whenC.themomentD.while3、until(1)当主句谓语动词是延续动词时，通常用肯定形式。a.Waituntilhecomesback.b.We'llstayheretillitstopsraining.c.WhenIshowedmyDadmyreportcard,Isaid,Remember,Dad,ThomasEdisongotbadgradesinschool,too.Hesaid,Fine,stayinyourroomuntilyouinventthelightbulb(灯泡).d.UntilIcameback,hewaswaitingformeatmyhome.(2)若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。这就是我们常说的“not…until…”结构。a.IdidnotrealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.b.Onewillneverrealizehowmuchandhowlittleheknowsuntilhestartstalking.c.IcecreamdidnotreachAmericauntilaboutthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury.d.Ididn'tgotobeduntil12o'clocklastnight.e.Hedidn'tleavetheofficeuntilhisbosscameback.(3)“not…until…”有四种不同句式，请看下例：A.正常结构：a.Thelittleboydidn'tsmileuntilhesawhismother.b.Theexacttimeofdyingwasnotofgreatimportanceuntilrecently.B.until置于句首：a.Untilhesawhismother,thelittleboydidn'tsmile.b.Untilrecentlytheexacttimeofdyingwasnotofgreatimportance.C.倒装结构：a.Notuntilhesawhismotherdidthelittleboysmile.b.Notuntilrecentlywastheexacttimeofdyingofgreatimportance.c.Notuntil12o'clocklastnightdidIgotobed.d.Notuntilhisbosscamebackdidheleavetheoffice.D.强调结构：a.Itwasnotuntilhesawhismotherthatthelittleboysmiled.b.Itwasnotuntilrecentlythattheexacttimeofdyingwasofgreatimportance.注意：①until后接的动词常是短暂性动词。②在notuntil倒装结构中，需部分倒装的是主句中的谓语动词，而非从句中的谓语动词。A.Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.③倒装结构演化成强调结构时，则主句谓语不再采用倒装形式。a.Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.b.Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.4、表示“一…就…”(1)assoonas,once,theminute,themoment,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly主从句时态一般一致，后边通常接短暂动词，表示一点动作。a.wewillleaveassoonasitstopsraining.b.ItbegantorainassoonasIarrivedhome.c.ItbegantorainimmediatelyIarrivedhome.d.ItbegantorainthemomentIarrivedhome.e.Thedoorbellrangassoonaswebeganhavingdinner.f.Don'ttrustthosewholeavetheirfriendsthemomenttheygetintodifficulty!g.Onceitstopsraining,wewillleave.h.Youseethelightningithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.A.theinstantB.foraninstantC.ontheinstantD.inaninstant(2)hardly/scarcely...when，nosooner...than。主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。它与assoonas等的从句、主句互换。a.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.b.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.c.Nosoonerhadwebegunhavingdinnerthanthedoorbellrang.5、表示时间的短语引导的时间状语从句有一些表示时间的短语也可当作连词来用，引导时间状语从句：nexttime,bythetime,everytime,eachtime,theday,theweek等。a.Thedayhereturned,hisfatherwasalreadydead.b.Nexttimeyoucome,remembertobringalongyoursister.c.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.d.Intheclassicchildren'stale,thepuppetPinocchio'snosegrow