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15920039JOURNALOFCOMPUTER2AIDEDDESIGN&COMPUTERGRAPHICSVol115,No19Sep1,2003:2002207216;:20022122021(69903006)1,,1964,,,CAD&CG1,,1967,,1,,1980,,1,,1967,,1(210093)(210093),11,;,,1:,1;;;TP391;TP126Sketch2BasedGraphicInputToolforConceptualDesignSunZhengxingXuXiaogangSunJianyongJinXiangyu(StateKeyLaboratoryforNovelSoftwareTechnology,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093)(DepartmentofComputerScienceandTechnology,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093)AbstractSketch2basedgraphicsinputisanaturalandeffectivewaytopresentdesignersintentionandtransferconceptualideaintoideographicrepresentation1Aprototypeofsketch2basedgraphicsinputtoolisrealizedforschemedesign,whichisbaseduponon2linegraphicrecognitionandsimilarity2basedrelevancefeedback1Onlinegraphicrecognitioncanreveallatentprimitiveshapesfromuser2drawnstrokesandshowtheregularizedshapeonscreenimmediatelythroughgeometricpreprocessing,featurerecognition,shapefittingandregularization1Aftertheprimitiveshapesaregroupedaccordingtothespatialandtemporalrelationships,similarity2basedrelevancefeedbackareintroducedtocatchandsug2gesttheuserintentionthroughcomputingtheirsimilaritywiththepredefinedtemplatebothinpartialstructuresaswellasinoverallconfiguration1Experimentalresultsshowthatthistoolcanyieldgoodre2sultsofpreciserecognitionandfineresponsetouserinteraction1Theproposedideapresentsanovelwayforcomputersupportedschematicdesign1Keywordssketch2baseduserinterface;conceptualdesign;on2linegraphicsrecognition;relevancefeedback1(ideationstage)[1],CAD,[2]1,©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,:1,,1,,,[3][4][528][9][10][11]11,(),1,,,,40,1:[12213],,,(sketching)1,,Sutherland,,1,CAD,1,(),,,1[14216],1,,,12,,1,,1,,1,1,:(1);(2),,;(3),,1(OpticalCharacterRecognition,OCR),,,;,,,,,;,,,,[17]1SmartSketchpad11:(1)(strokerecognizer)1,:(open2shapes)(closed2shapes)(gestures)1;;(Delete)(Redo)(Undo)1(2)(shaperecognizer)1(shapeclassifier)(shaperegu264112003©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.1larizer)1,;,,1(3)(closed2shapedetector)1(),1(4)(compositegraphicobjectrecognizer)1,;,,,1(5)(interactiveeditor)1,1,;,1,1(6)(graphic2DBmanager)11,1(7)(semanticlevelapplicationadapter)1,XML1,,,13,,(,,,)/,1:,1311,1,1,11(1)1,,1,,,1,1[18]12(2)1(agglomeratepoints):(hooklet)(circulet),21,11L,NN/L,l,nn/l1Ln/Nl,,174119:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.(3)1,1,1,,1,,,313(4)1,1312:,,,1ABC(4a),ABC(4b)1BA(4c),AB(4d)1f(A,B)A,B,A,B(4a),Dis(A,B)A,B,,f(A,B),Dis(A,B)1,f(A,B)=Dis2(A,B)14,,,1,,;,11,Vmin,Vmin3,;Vmin4(5,6),(,);Vmin6,131311:(1),;(2),,1,11S,Pi(i=1,2,,m);T,qj(j=1,2,,n);D1=Dis(pi,T)/m,D2=Dis(qj,T)/nSTTS,,D=D1+D21D,1:Step11mn;Step21Step1nn;Step31D;Step41,Step5;,Step11Step511Step1n,1S,,,,([19])1314,1,11,,;,,1:Step111,,1Step211,1Step31190,;,84112003©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.30(150)45(135)60(120),1Step41/1(),1,Step1Step3,Step415,,15:Step111(),,,6a;Step211()/,,6b;Step311,,,,6c163151,1SGk(S1,S2,,Sk),,Dis(x,y),d=maxi(Dis((SG),(si)))(1)=ki=1dDis((SG),(si))(2),1:SG0,SG,1(1);(2)ddmax;(3)max;(4)SG1SG,14,1411,1,,,1,,;,1,(100100),:14111194119:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,1S(S1,S2,,Sm),D(D1,D2,,Dn)1m=0,1;mn,1;(nm),[1,m][1,n]j,:i[1,m],SiDj(i);i1,i2[1,m]i1i2,j(i1)j(i2)1J,Simprim(S,D)=maxjJ1-1mmi=1APS(Si,Dj(i))1002(3),1002;APS(averagepointshifting),:(1),P12P2P32P4,APSL=12(min(Dis(P1,P3)+Dis(P2,P4),Dis(P1,P4)+Dis(P2,P3))(4)(2),P12P122P2P32P342P4(P12P34),APSA=12(APSL+Dis(P12,P34))(5)(3)n,P0,P1,,Pn-1Q0,Q1,,Qn-1,APSP=minn-1j=0(1nn-1i=0Dis(Pi,Q(i+j)modn))(6)(4),APSAPSP141112,,1,,1[20]1(graph)1,,,717mn{NSi}{NDi},XY,NS1,NS12,,NSmND1,ND12,,NDn,ESED,LED={(i1,i2)|(NDi1,NDi2)ED,i1,i2[1,n]},,m=0,1;mn,1;(nm),[1,m][1,n]j,:i1,i2[1,m]i1i2,j(i1)j(i2);i1,i2[1,m]i1i2,j(i1)-j(i2)()1jJ,Simk(S,D)=maxjJ(w1(1-ANSj)+w2EPj+w3ERj)(7),ANS(AverageNodeShifting),EPER;w1,w2,w30,w1+w2+w3=11,1ANSj=1mmi=1Dis(NSi,NDj(i))1002(8)412,,1:1,(),,1,,05112003©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,1SDSprimDprim,SremDrem,,SDSprimDprimSremDremSim(S,D)=0,ifSimprim(Sprim,Dprim)=0orSimk(Srem,Drem)=0k1Simprim(Sprim,Dprim)+k2Simk(Srem,Drem),otherwise(9),k1,k20,k1+k2=1141381PDA,4803401,,1,T1,,18,1411412,1,SVM[21]1,6,,11115,300,1019197,PentiumIII650,Windows20001,10(73,65,54,88,22,5,12,81,1876),:=20,w1=014,w2=013,w3=013,k1=k2=015,(10)1:,1,1911,11,15119:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.101:(1),,,1(2),,,;,;,190%,111,,:(1),,;(2),1,1,,;,1,,,,1[1]KolliR,PasmanG,HennesseyJM1Someconsiderationsfordesigningauserenvironmentforcreativeideation[A]1In:Pro2ceedingsofInterface,HumanFactorsandErgonomicaSociety,SantaMonica,CA,19931109116[2]SunZX,ZhangFY1Avariant2orienteddesignprocessmodel[J]1JournalofNanjingUniversity(Nature),1997,33(SpecialIssue):127129(inChinese)(,1[J]1(),1997,33():127129)[3]HsiaoShih2Wen,ChenChing2Hai1Asemanticandshapegram2marbasedapproachforproductdesign[J]1DesignStudies,1997,18(3):275285[4]PanYunhe,GengWeidong,TongXin1AutomatichierachicalconstructionforintelligenceCAD[J]1JournalofSoftware,19