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动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentWuhanInstituteofShipbuildingTechnologyPowerEngineeringDepartmentAmy动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentLesson14BoilerMountings,ManagementandMaintenance第14课锅炉附件、管理和保养动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentCertainfittingsarenecessaryonaboilertoensureitssafeoperation.Theyareusuallyreferredtoas（被称为）boilermountings.Themountingsusuallyfoundonaboilerare:SafetyvalvesThesearemountedinpairs（成对）toprotecttheboileragainstoverpressure（超压）.Oncethevalveliftingpressureissetinthepresenceof（在有…的情况下）aSurveyor,itislockedandcannotbechanged.Thevalveisarrangedtoopenautomaticallyatthepre-set（预定的）blow-offpressure（启阀压力）.锅炉必须安装某些装置以保证锅炉的安全运行。他们通常被称作锅炉附件。锅炉上通常安装的附件有：安全阀安全阀成对安装，用于防止锅炉超压。一旦启阀压力在验船师在场时被设定，就被锁定，不可改变。安全阀用于在预设的启阀压力时自动开启。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentMainsteamstopvalveThisvalveisfittedinthemainsteamsupplylineandisusuallyofthenon-returntype.AuxiliarysteamstopvalveThisisasmallervalvefittedintheauxiliarysteamsupplyline,andisusuallyofthenon-returntype.主停汽阀主停汽阀安装在主供汽管上，通常是止回型的。辅停汽阀辅停汽阀是安装在辅供汽管路上的较小的阀，通常是止回型的。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentFeedcheck（抑制，节流）orcontrolvalveApairofvalvesisfitted:oneisthemainvalve,theothertheauxiliaryorstandby.Theyarenon-returnvalvesandmustgiveanindicationoftheiropenandclosedposition.WaterlevelgaugeWaterlevelgaugesorgaugeglassesarefittedinpairs,atoppositeendsoftheboiler.Theconstructionofthelevelgaugedependsupontheboilerpressure.给水节流/控制阀给水阀成对安装，一个是主阀，另一个是辅给水阀或备用给水阀。它们都是止回阀，在打开或关闭时应给以指令。水位计水位计或者水位观察镜，成对安装在锅炉相对的两侧，水位计的结构取决于锅炉压力。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentPressuregaugeconnectionWherenecessaryontheboilerdrum,superheater,etc.,pressuregaugesarefittedtoprovidepressurereadings.AirreleasecockThesearefittedintheheaders,boilerdrum,etc.,toreleaseairwhenfillingtheboilerorinitiallyraisingsteam.压力表接头当需要时，在锅筒、过热器等部位都安装压力表以提供压力读数。放气阀放气阀安装在联箱、锅筒等部位，在锅炉充水或者初次升汽时释放空气。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentSamplingconnectionAwateroutletcock（水出口阀）andcoolingarrangementisprovidedforthesamplingandanalysisoffeedwater.Aprovision（设备）mayalsobemadeforinjecting（添加，投放）watertreatmentchemicals（水处理药物）.BlowdownvalveThisvalveenableswatertobeblowndown（放出）oremptiedfromtheboiler.Itmaybeusedwhenpartiallyorcompletelyemptyingtheboiler.取样接头安装水出口阀和冷却装置用于取样和给水化验，可能还会安装一套设备用于投放炉水处理药。排出阀（下排污阀）该阀能使水从锅炉中放出或者放空，它可以用于部分或者完全的放空锅炉。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentScumvalveAshallowdish（浅盘）positionedatthenormalwaterlevelisconnectedtothescumvalve.Thisenablestheblowingdownorremovalofscumandimpuritiesfromthewatersurface.WhistlestopvalveThisisasmallborenon-returnvalvewhichsuppliesthewhistlewithsteamstraightfromtheboilerdrum.除渣阀（上排污阀）位于正常水位处的一个浅盘连接到上排污阀，这使得可以除掉水面的浮渣和杂质。汽笛停汽阀汽笛停汽阀是一个小口径的止回阀，安装在锅筒直接通向汽笛的管路上。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentWatertubeboilers,becauseoftheirsmallerwatercontentinrelationto（与..有关）theirsteamraisingcapacity,requirecertainadditionalmountings:AutomaticfeedwaterregulatorFittedinthefeedlinepriorto（在..之前）themaincheckvalve,thisdeviceisessentialtoensurethecorrectwaterlevelintheboilerduringallloadconditions.Boilerswithahighevaporationratewilluseamultiple-element（多元素）feedwatercontrolsystem.由于水管锅炉的蓄水量相对于蒸发量来说是比较小的，因此需要某些其他的附件。自动给水调节器自动给水调节器装在主给水阀前的供水管路上，这个装置对于锅炉在各种负荷下保持合适的水位是非常重要的。蒸发率高的锅炉使用多元素控制给水系统。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentLowlevelalarmItisadevicetoprovideauditory（听觉的）warningoflowwaterlevelconditions.SuperheatercirculatingvalvesActingalsoasairvents（排气阀）,thesefittingsensureaflowofsteamwheninitiallywarmingthrough（整体加热）andraisingsteamintheboiler.低位警报器这是提供低水位听觉警报的装置。过热循环阀过热循环阀也用作放气阀，当初次整体预热，锅炉升汽时让部分蒸汽通过。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentSootblowersOperatedbysteamorcompressedair,theyacttoblowawaysootandtheproductsofcombustionfromthetubesurfaces.Severalarefittedinstrategic（至关重要的，战略意义的）places.Thesoot-blowerlanceisinserted,sootisblownandthelanceiswithdrawn（撤回，取出）.吹灰器用蒸汽或者压缩空气工作，它们用来吹除水管表面的烟灰和燃烧产物。吹灰器在关键位置装设多个，吹灰器的喷头是插入式的，吹灰结束后取出喷头动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentGeneralmanagementprinciplesandoperatingproceduresarewellknown（众所周知的）andmustbealwaysbeingfollowedtoavoidboilermishaps（事故）.Withmanysmallpackage（组合的）boilers,theautomaticcontrolsequenceusuallyensuresthattheboilerfireisinitiallyignited（点燃，引发）fromadieseloilsupply,andchangedovertotheusualsourcewhenignitioniscompleted.(锅炉)总的管理原则和操作程序是大家熟知的，为了避免锅炉事故必须遵守这些原则和程序。在许多小型锅炉中，自动控制时序通常可以保证锅炉最初用柴油点火，点火之后切换到常用的燃油。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentWithgoodmanagement,tofacilitate（方便）subsequent（随后）startingfromcold,thefuelsystemoflargeboilerswillhavebeenflushedthroughwithdieseloilwhentheboilerwasonlightduty（低负荷）immediatelypriortobeingsecured（停止工作）.Whenburningsuchdieselfuelitisessentialforsafetythatonlythecorrect(small)burnertip（燃烧器喷嘴）shouldbeused.Itshouldbekeptinmind（牢记）thatiffiredoesnotlight,immediatelyshutofffuelandventfurnace.为了方便下一次冷炉点火，管理良好的大型锅炉在停火之前低负荷工作时用柴油冲洗燃油系统。当燃烧柴油时，为了安全应只使用恰当的(小的)油头，应该牢记，如果没有点火成功，应立即切断燃油，并且吹扫炉膛。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentCompleteignitionoffuelinthefurnaceisessential.Theburnerflame,thesmokeindicatorandthefunnelshouldbefrequentlyobserved.Withsatisfactorycombustion,theflameshouldappearincandescent（白炽的）withanorangeshadeattheflametip.andafaintbrownishhaze（淡褐色烟雾）shouldshowatthefunnel.炉膛内