搜索
动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentWuhanInstituteofShipbuildingTechnologyPowerEngineeringDepartmentLuobin动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentLesson23TheHydraulicSystemandEquipment第23课液压系统和液压设备动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentHydraulicsystems液压系统动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Hydraulicsystemsaremadeupof（由…组成）anoiltank,pumps,controlvalve,hydraulicmotorandpipework（管路）.•液压系统由油箱、油泵、控制阀、液压马达和回路构成。•Theoiltankandpumparecommonto（为…公用）allequipmentactingasacentralpumpingunit.•油箱和油泵作为中央泵组，为所有设备公用。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Threedifferentbasiccircuitsareused,employingeitherlowormediumpressureoilsupplies.•三种基本的回路被使用时，都可以采用低压供油或者中压供油。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Theopenloopcircuittakesoilfromthetankandpumpsitthroughacontrolvalveintothehydraulicmotor.•开环回路从油箱吸油，并且经过控制阀将油泵送到液压马达。•Theexhaustoilreturnstothetankandinneutral（中位）theoilbypassesthehydraulicmotor.•排油回到油箱，并且在中位时，油液旁通经过液压马达。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Thelivelinecircuitmaintainsahighpressurefromwhichthecontrolvalvedrawspressurizedoil（受压的油）tothehydraulicmotorasandwhenrequired.•流通的液压回路保持高压，在需要的情况下，控制阀将受压的油吸送至液压马达。•Theclosedloopcircuithastheexhaustoilreturnedtothepumpsuction.•闭环回路将排油送回到泵的吸入口。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Thepumpisofthevariabledeliverytype（变量输送式，可变容积式）,providingmaximumflexibilityinoilsupplytotheequipment.•油泵是变量输送式，使得向设备供油有极大的灵活性。•Lowpressuresystemsusetheopenloopcircuitandaresimpleindesignaswellasreliable.•低压系统多采用开环回路，并且设计简单，工作可靠。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Theequipmentishoweverlarge,inefficientinoperationandoverheatsafterprolonged（长时间的）use.•然而，设备体积大，运行效率低，长时间运行会过热。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Mediumpressuresystemsarefavored（支持，有利于）formarineapplicationsusingeithertheopenorclosedcircuit.•无论是开环回路还是闭环回路，在船用装置中采用中压系统都是最适合的。•Smallerinstallationsareoftheopenloopcircuittype.•小型装置采用开环回路型。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Manyreasonscanbesuggested（提出）fortheuseofhydraulicsystems•使用液压系统有许多值得提及的原因•Marineengineering:•轮机工程方面：动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(a)Aconvenient（便利的）methodoftransferringpoweroverrelativelylongdistancesfrom,say,acentralpumproom（中央泵舱）toremoteoperatingsitesintheship;wherenecessary,completelocalcontrol（机旁控制）ofoperationscanbeachieved;•(a)当进行相对距离较长，比如说从船上的中央泵舱到远距离操作点的功率传递时，（液压传动）是一种便利的方法；当必要时可以实现完全的机旁控制操作。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(b)Fullyvariablespeedcontrolofbothlinearandrotarymotion（回转运动）,withgood“inching（微调）”capabilityandsmooth（平稳的）takeupofload;inallcasespoweriscontinuouslytransmittedwhilstspeedchangestakeplace;•(b)在线性运动和转动上，（液压传动）均可实现完全变速控制（无级变速），且具有良好的微调性能和平稳的承载能力，在任何变速情况下都可以连续地传递功率。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(c)Highstaticforcesortorquescanbeachievedandmaintainedindefinitely（无限期地）;•(c)很高的静态力或转矩可以实现并长时间保持。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(d)Completesafetyandreliabilityisassuredunderthemostdifficultenvironmentalconditions;overloadconditionsaresafeguarded（n.安全装置；vt.保证，预防）byusingareliefvalve（释放阀，安全阀）tolimitmaximumoutputtorquesorforces;•(d)在最复杂的环境条件下，可以保证安全性和可靠性；通过使用释放阀限制了最大输出转矩或力，防止了超载。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(e)Significantcostsavingscanbeshownoveralternativesolutions（可选择的解决方案）formanyrequirements,inpracticalterms（实际上）,fourmaincategoriesofequipmentcanbedefinedinordertoachievethispowertransmission:•(e)为满足一些需要，大量的成本节约能体现在可选择的解决方案中，实际上，可以规定4种实现(液压)传动所需的主要设备：动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(1)Thehydraulicpumptoconvertmechanicalintohydraulicenergy;•(1)将机械能转变为液压能的液压泵；•(2)Valvestoallowthishydraulicenergytobecontrolled;•(2)能控制液压能的阀件；动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•(3)Hydrauliccylinderstoconvertthehydraulicenergyintolinearforce（线性力）andmotion(semi-rotaryactuators（执行机构）achievepartrotation);•(3)将液压能转变为线性力和线性运动(半回转执行机构可实现部分回转运动)的液压缸；•(4)Hydraulicmotorstoconvertthehydraulicenergyintocontinuousrotarymotion.•(4)将液压能转变为连续回转运动的液压马达。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Althoughsystemsaredesignedtosuitparticularapplications,basiccircuitscanbeidentified（identify，确定，识别）whichillustratethemainprinciplesandalternativetypes.•虽然系统的设计适用于特定的装置，然而还是可以确定说明主要原理和其他可选形式的基本回路。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentAxialpistonpumpsandmotors轴向柱塞泵和轴向柱塞马达动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Anumberofbasictypesofpistonequipmentareavailable.•多种基本类型的柱塞设备可供使用。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Inallcases,thepumpingactionisachievedwithreciprocatingpistonsandinthemajorityofdesignsvariableoutputflow（可变输出流量）capacityisreadilyobtained-themethoddependinguponthedetailedgeometry（几何形状）ofthemachine.•在所有的情况下，泵吸作用是通过活塞的往复运动实现的，在大多数的设计中可轻易地实现可变输出流量的性能，该方式依赖于机器的具体几何形状。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Thesimplestdesignisusuallydescribedastheswashplate（旋转斜盘）typeandtheconcept（原理）isillustratedinFig.23-1.•最简单的形式通常被称作旋转斜盘式，其原理如图23-1所示。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentPump/MotorbodyInletandoutletportsSwashplateangleSwashplateDriveshaftRotororcylinderbarrelpistonsBasicgeometryofaxialpump/motor动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Multiplepistonsarepositionedaxiallyinarotor,whichisconnectedtotheprimemoverviathedriveshaft.•多个柱塞轴向布置在转子内，转子通过驱动轴与原动机相连。•Astherotorrevolves,thecylindersfollowthepathofthekidney-shaped（肾形的）inletport.•当转子转动时，柱塞缸沿肾形进油口运动。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Theangleoftheswashplatecausesthepistonstom