英语词汇学Chapter3WordFormationⅠ构词Ⅰ3.1Morphemes词素Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。换言之,词素是“构词中最小功能单位”3.1AlloMorphs词素变体Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.词素(形位)是抽象的单位,是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体。Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。3-Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.这些词素与词一致,因为它们在句子中可以独立起作用,这类词叫单语素词。4-Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现,这些不同的形素叫词素变体。5-Therearecaseswheretheallomorphsofthepluralmorphemearerealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelorbyzeromorph.名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况,可以通过改变内部元音或零形素来实现名词复数。3.3Typesofmorphemes词素的类型Thepopularmethodistogroupintofreemorphemesandboundmorphemes.最流行的方法把词素分成自由词素和粘着词素。3.3.1freemorphemesFreeMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.彼此之间相互独立的词素叫自由语素。这些词素本身具有完整的意义,在句子中用作自由语法单位。自由词素与根词一致,因为根词就是由单个的自由词素构成的。因此,我们不妨说自由词素就是自由根词。3.3.2Boundmorphemes粘着词素BoundMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.不能独立成词的词素叫做粘着词素。之所以叫粘着词素是因为它们要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。粘着词素主要出现在派生词里。Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.粘着词素有两类:粘着词根和词缀。Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeatreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithother6morphemestomakewords.粘着词根,就如自由词根一样,是带有基本意义的词的组成部分。与自由词根不同的是,粘着词根是一种粘附形式,必须与别的词素结合在一起才能构成词。InEnglish,boundrootsareeitherLatinorGreek.Althoughtheyarelimitedinnumber,theirproductivepowerisamazing.TheygivebirthtothousandsandthousandsofderivedwordsinmodernEnglish.英语中粘着词素不是来源于拉丁语就是来源于希腊语。粘着词根虽然数量不多,但却有惊人的能产性,构成数以千计的现代英语词汇。。Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.词缀是附着于词或词元素并对其意义或者功能作修饰的形式。Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,wecanputthemintotwogroups:inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.根据词缀的功能,可讲词缀分为两组:屈折词缀和派生词缀。Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandstable.加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀是发生屈折变化的,因此称为屈折词素。屈折词缀数量很少而且稳定。Derivationalaffixes.Asthetermindicates,derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixescomebeforethewardandthesuffixesaftertheword.派生词缀。是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。3.4RootandStem词根和词干Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.词根是一个词的基本形式,这个形式若再分析下去就不再是这个词了。不管是自由词根还是粘着词根,在词中都是主要的意义成分。Rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词根是当所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都去掉时剩下的那部分词形。