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文学术语汇编(考研用)1Literatureoftheabsurd:(荒诞派文学)Thetermisappliedtoanumberofworksindramaandprosefictionwhichhaveincommonthesensethatthehumanconditionisessentiallyabsurd,andthatthisconditioncanbeadequatelyrepresentedonlyinworksofliteraturethatarethemselvesabsurd.ThecurrentmovementemergedinFranceaftertheSecondWorldWar,asarebellionagainstessentialbeliefsandvaluesoftraditionalcultureandtraditionalliterature.Theyholdthebeliefthatahumanbeingisanisolatedexistentwhoiscastintoanalienuniverseandthehumanlifeinitsfruitlesssearchforpurposeandmeaningisbothanguishandabsurd.Theateroftheabsurd:(荒诞派戏剧)belongstoliteratureoftheabsurd.TworepresentativesofthisschoolareEugeneIonesco,FrenchauthorofTheBaldSoprano(1949)(此作品中文译名秃头歌女),andSamuelBeckett,IrishauthorofWaitingforGodot(1954)(此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作等待戈多).Theyprojecttheirrationalism,helplessnessandabsurdityoflifeindramaticformsthatrejectrealisticsettings,logicalreasoning,oracoherentlyevolvingplot.Blackcomedyorblackhumor:(黑色幽默)itmostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naïve,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheeventsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd.JosephHeller’sCatch-22(美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒二十二条军规)canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.文学术语汇编24.AestheticismortheAestheticMovement（唯美主义）:itbegantoprevailinEuropeatthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”wasfirstputforwardbysomeFrenchartists.Theydeclaredthatartshouldservenoreligious,moralorsocialpurpose.ThetwomostimportantrepresentativesofaestheticistsinEnglishliteratureareWaltPaterandOscarWilde.5.Allegory（寓言）:ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities,suchasJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.6.Fable（寓言）:isashortnarrative,inproseorverse,thatexemplifiesanabstractmoralthesisorprincipleofhumanbehavior.Mostcommonisthebeastfable,inwhichanimalstalkandactlikethehumantypestheyrepresent.ThefablesinWesternculturesderivemainlyfromthestoriesattributedtoAesop,aGreekslaveofthesixthcenturyB.C.7.Parable（寓言）:isaveryshortnarrativeabouthumanbeingspresentedsoastostressanalogywithagenerallessonthatthenarratoristryingtobringhometohisaudience.Forexample,theBiblecontainslotsofparablesemployedbyJesusChristtomakehisflockunderstandhispreach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8.Alliteration（头韵）:therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsounds.InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf.9.Consonanceistherepetitionofasequenceoftwoormoreconsonantsbutwithachangeintheinterveningvowel,suchas“liveandlove”.10.Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalorsimilarvowel,especiallyinstressedsyllables,inasequenceofnearbywords,suchas“childofsilence”.11.Allusion（典故）isareferencewithoutexplicitidentification,toaliteraryorhistoricalperson,place,orevent,ortoanotherliteraryworkorpassage.Mostliteraryallusionsareintendedtoberecognizedbythegenerallyeducatedreadersoftheauthor’stime,butsomeareaimedataspecialgroup.12.Ambiguity（复义性）:SinceWilliamEmpson（燕卜荪）publishedSevenTypesofAmbiguity（《复义七型》）,thetermhasbeenwidelyusedincriticismtoidentifyadeliberatepoeticdevice:theuseofasinglewordorexpressiontosignifytwoormoredistinctreferences,ortoexpresstwoormorediverseattitudesorfeeling.文学术语汇编313.Antihero（反英雄）：thechiefcharacterinamodernnovelorplaywhosecharacteristotallydifferentfromthetraditionalheroes.Insteadofmanifestinglargeness,dignity,power,orheroism,theantiheroispetty,passive,ineffectualordishonest.Forexample,theheroineofDefoe’sMollFlandersisathiefandaprostitute.14.Antithesis（对照）：(afigureofspeech)Anantithesisisoftenexpressedinabalancedsentence,thatis,asentenceinwhichidenticalorsimilarsyntacticstructureisusedtoexpresscontrastingideas.Forexample,“Marriagehasmanypains,butcelibacy（独身生活）hasnopleasures.”bySamuelJohnsonobviouslyemploysantithesis.15.Archaism（拟古）：theliteraryuseofwordsandexpressionsthathavebecomeobsoleteinthecommonspeechofanera.Forexample,thetranslatorsoftheKingJamesVersionofBiblegaveweightanddignitytotheirprosebyemployingarchaism.16.Atmosphere（氛围）:theprevailingmoodorfeelingofaliterarywork.Atmosphereisoftendeveloped,atleastinpart,throughdescriptionsofsetting.Suchdescriptionshelptocreateanemotionalclimatetoestablishthereader’sexpectationsandattitudes.文学术语汇编417.Ballad（民谣）：itisasong,transmittedorally,whichtellsastory.Itoriginatedandwascommunicatedorallyamongilliterateoronlypartlyliteratepeople.Itexistsinmanyvariantforms.Themostcommonstanzaform,calledballadstanzaisaquatraininalternatefour-andthree-stresslines;usuallyonlythesecondandfourthlinesrhyme.AlthoughmanytraditionalballadsprobablyoriginatedinthelateMiddleAge,theywerenotcollectedandprinteduntiltheeighteenthcentury.18.Climax：asarhetoricaldeviceitmeansanascendingsequenceofimportance.Asaliteraryterm,itcanalsorefertothepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinastory’sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionafte